Spiritual Dimensions in Leadership: A Comparative Analysis of Polish and Bhutanese Managers

Figures & data

Table 1 Comparison Between the Polish and the Bhutanese Sample

Characteristics		Polish Managers (n=169)	Bhutanese Managers (n=125)
Gender	Male	98 (58%)	85 (68%)
	Female	71 (42%)	40 (32%)
Age group	Under 30 years	37 (22%)	25 (20%)
	31–50 years	108 (64%)	95 (76%)
	Above 51	24 (14%)	5 (4%)
Experiences	Under 1 year	7 (4%)	5 (4%)
	1–5 years	44 (26%)	10 (8%)
	5–10 years	47 (28%)	30 (24%)
	10–15 years	20 (12%)	25 (20%)
	Above 15 years	51 (30%)	55 (44%)
Level of management	Low level	54 (32%)	35 (28%)
	Middle level	86 (51%)	70 (56%)
	Top level	29 (17%)	20 (16%)

Table 2 Means, Standard Deviations and Correlations of Dimensions of Spiritual Leadership from the Polish and the Bhutanese Samples

Dimension	Poland							Bhutan
	M	SD	1	2	3	4	5	M	SD	1	2	3	4	5
1.Vision	2.84	0.98	–	0.80	0.68	0.86	0.75	2.98	0.80	–	0.38	0.42*	0.74	0.71
2.Calling	2.92	0.90		–	0.71	0.79	0.71	3.26	0.78		–	0.23*	0.34*	0.22*
3.Membership	2.93	0.99			–	0.78	0.59	2.54	0.96			–	0.65	0.21*
4.Commitment	2.77	0.99				–	0.68	3.09	0.86				–	0.68
5.Performance	2.97	0.79					–	2.96	0.77					–

Note: p<0.01, *p<0.05.

Abbreviation: M, mean; SD, standard deviations.

Table 3 Construct Validity Dimensions of Spiritual Leadership from the Polish and the Bhutanese Samples

Dimension	Poland			Bhutan
	α	AVE	CR	α	AVE	CR
Vision	0.83	0.61	0.82	0.76	0.51	0.75
Calling	0.77	0.54	0.82	0.59	0.56	0.79
Membership	0.89	0.69	0.90	0.88	0.51	0.70
Commitment	0.88	0.70	0.92	0.88	0.64	0.89
Performance	0.74	0.49	0.73	0.80	0.52	0.73

Note: p<0.01.

Abbreviations: α, Cronbach alpha coefficient; AVE, average variance extracted; CR, composite reliability.

Table 4 CFA Results for the Polish and the Bhutanese Samples

	χ^2	df	χ^2/df	CFI	NFI	IFI	TLI	RMSEA
Model for the Polish sample	429.9	182	2.36	0.941	0.912	0.955	0.951	0.069
Model for the Bhutanese sample	1238.2	495	2.50	0.924	0.902	0.934	0.931	0.077

Abbreviations: χ², chi-square value; df, degree of freedom; CFI, comparative fit index; NFI, normed fit index; IFI, incremental fit index; TLI, Tucker-Lewis index; RMSEA, root mean square error approximation.

Figure 1 Path coefficient results within Poland (PL) and Bhutan (Bh) samples.

Note: p<0.01.

Abbreviations: PL, β for Polish sample; Bh, β for Bhutanese sample.