Role of Community Resiliency Model Skills Trainings in Trauma Healing Among 1994 Tutsi Genocide Survivors in Rwanda

Figures & data

Table 1 Demographic Characteristics of Participants

Characteristics	Intervention Group N (%)	Comparison Group N (%)	p-values
Sex
Female	73(56.1)	67(55.8)	0.118
Male	57(43.9)	53(44.2)
Age, mean (SD)	42 (13.7)	38.9(6.8)
Ages
25–30	21(16.2)	20(16.7)	0.621
31–40	31(23.8)	31(25.8)
41–50	57(43.8)	56(46.7)
51–65	21(16.2)	13(10.8)
Education
Illiterate	82(62.7)	12(21.2)	0.005*
Primary level	31(24)	61(52)
Secondary or higher	17(13.3)	32(26.8)
Marital status
Single	3(2)	37(31)	<0.001**
Married	22(24)	32(27)
Widower	82(63)	40(33)
Separate/divorced	14(11)	11(9)

Notes: *Statistical significance at p< 0.05; **high statistical significance at p<0.001.

Abbreviation: SD, standard deviation.

Table 2 Influences of the Socio-Demographic Characteristics on Baseline Mental Health of Participants

Characteristics	Comparison Group		Intervention Group
	F	p-value	F	p-value
Depressive symptoms (PHQ9)
Sex	3.48	0.064	28.63	<0.001**
Age	1.2	0.276	24.96	<0.001**
Education	0.75	0.388	4.7	0.032*
Marital status	0.56	0.454	6.02	0.004*
Perceived secondary traumatic stress (STSS)
Sex	2.5	0.11	25	<0.001**
Age	1.5	0.222	64.3	<0.001**
Education	1.65	0.201	4.4	0.04*
Marital status	5.07	0.026*	9.6	0.0033*
Trauma symptoms (HTQ)
Sex	0.35	0.276	0.1	0.03
Age	0.13	0.725	16	<0.001**
Education	2.59	0.11	6	0.02*
Marital status	0.35	0.558	5.07	0.026*
Satisfaction with self-care and Benefits of CRM training (CRMQ)
Sex	NA	NA	0.9	<0.014*
Age	NA	NA	17.4	<0.001**
Education	NA	NA	6.3	<0.001**
Marital status	NA	NA	13	<0.001**

Notes: *Statistical significance at p<0.05; **high statistical significance at p<0.001.

Abbreviations: CRM, Community resilience model; CRMQ, Community resilience model Questionnaire; F, F-test used for assessing analysis of variance; NA, Not applicable as respondents from control group were not assigned to CRM skills questions.

Table 3 Pre- and Post-Intervention Trauma, Depression, and Perceived Stress Intervention versus Control Group Participants

Tool	Intervention (N=130)				Comparison Group (N=120)
	Pretest	Posttest	t	p-value	Pretest	Posttest	t	p-value
	Mean (SD)	Mean (SD)			Mean (SD)	Mean (SD)
HTQ	65.55 (12.85)	49.05 (11.54)	79.6	0.002*	82.28 (15.07)	97.49 (13.16)	1.7	0.105
PHQ	20.11 (3.48)	10.57 (6.7)	6.19	<0.001**	13.15 (1.13)	17.61 (1.39)	1.9	0.059
STSS	56.23 (10.95)	26.95 (6.729)	25.4	0.003*	25.94 (4.73)	37.62 (6.209)	0.18	0.0859

Notes: *Statistical significance at p<0.05, **High statistical significance at p<0.001.

Abbreviation: t, t-test.

Table 4 Comparison Between Baseline and 6-Month Follow-Up Benefits-Satisfaction Results in the Intervention Group

Scale		M	SD
Benefits CRMQ (3 items)***	Baseline perceived benefits of self-care skills	5.6	1.455
	Follow-up perceived benefits of self-care skills	11.9	1.18
Satisfaction CRMQ (29 items)***	Baseline satisfaction with self-care skills	52.5	7.63
	Follow-up satisfaction with self-care skills	104.9	11.43

Note: ***High statistical significant at p< 0.001.

Abbreviation: CRMQ, Community Resilience Model Questionnaire.