Identifying Predictive Factors in Compliance with the COVID-19 Containment Measures: A Mediation Analysis

Figures & data

Figure 1 Hypothesized mediation model.

Table 1 Descriptives

		Min	Max	M	SD
Extraversion	Men	54	105	78.12	11.60
	Women	50	105	80.66	10.92
Neuroticism	Men	28	106	71.18	14.41
	Women	26	97	63.17	16.41
Openness	Men	66	111	85.70	9.27
	Women	52	107	85.34	11.54
Conscientiousness	Men	67	115	91.02	11.11
	Women	62	115	90.27	12.71
Agreeableness	Men	45	102	80.66	10.64
	Women	57	105	85.01	9.81
Luck		4	20	9.11	4.46
Pessimism		4	20	11.14	3.72
Predetermination		4	20	10.41	4.09
Powerlessness		6	30	13.17	5.09
Fear		7	35	17.35	6.21
Social Distancing		1	5	4.28	0.80
Hygiene		2	5	4.55	0.76
Mask Wearing		2	5	4.65	0.66

Note: N = 295.

Table 2 Correlations Between the Study Variables

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13
1 Extraversion	–
2 Neuroticism	0.14*	–
3 Openness	0.40**	−0.30**	–
4 Conscientiousness	0.35**	0.06	0.28**	–
5 Agreeableness	0.23**	0.22**	0.34**	0.18**	–
6 Luck	−0.19**	−0.17**	−0.22**	−0.05	−0.12*	–
7 Pessimism	−.01	−0.40**	−0.30**	−0.08	−0.23**	0.32**	–
8 Predetermination	−0.20**	−0.23**	−0.37**	−0.14*	−0.09	0.42**	0.40**	–
9 Powerlessness	−0.26**	−0.23**	−0.41**	−0.18**	−0.18**	0.57**	0.47**	0.57**	–
10 Fear	−0.04	−0.33**	−0.25**	−0.16**	−0.06	−21**	0.45**	0.34**	0.34**	–
11 Social Distancing	0.00	−0.01	0.07	0.05	0.09	−0.01	0.06	0.01	0.05	0.20**	–
12 Hygiene	0.05	−0.09	0.08	0.19*	0.05	−0.13*	0.01	0.02	−0.07	0.19**	0.40**	–
13 Mask Wearing	0.09	−0.01	0.12*	0.14*	0.12*	−0.12*	0.09	−0.02	−0.08	0.21**	0.31**	0.48**	–

Note: N = 295. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01.

Table 3 Regression Coefficients of Demographics, Personality, Fatalism, and Fear on Compliance with the COVID-19 Containment Measures

	Model 1: Social Distancing				Model 2: Hygiene				Model 3: Mask Wearing
	β	t	p	pη^2	β	t	p	pη^2	β	t	p	pη^2
Sex	0.17	2.60	0.010	0.15	0.13	1.99	0.047	0.11	0.23	3.57	<0.001	0.20
Age	0.14	2.82	0.023	0.13	0.07	1.17	0.240	0.06	0.10	1.78	0.076	0.09
Education	0.03	1.23	0.453	0.05	−0.01	−0.09	0.933	−0.01	−0.10	−1.63	0.105	−0.09
Extraversion	−0.06	−0.83	0.411	−0.04	0.10	1.54	0.124	0.08	0.12	1.87	0.063	0.10
Neuroticism	0.07	0.97	0.331	0.05	−0.09	−1.33	0.184	−0.07	0.04	0.59	0.555	0.03
Openness	0.19	2.60	0.010	0.15	0.05	0.72	0.474	0.04	0.10	1.37	0.167	0.07
Conscientiousness	0.07	1.14	0.257	0.06	0.18	2.86	0.005	0.16	0.09	1.39	0.167	0.07
Agreeableness	0.01	0.07	0.943	0.01	−0.07	−1.09	0.274	–0.06	0.01	0.01	0.990	0.01
Luck	0.01	0.08	0.937	0.01	−0.10	−1.38	0.167	−0.08	−0.03	−0.41	0.685	−0.02
Pessimism	−0.02	−0.20	0.842	−0.01	−0.08	−1.04	2.99	−0.06	0.13	1.71	0.089	0.09
Predetermination	−0.13	−1.75	0.081	−0.09	0.06	0.86	0.391	0.05	−0.02	−0.25	0.801	−0.01
Powerlessness	0.11	1.35	0.176	0.07	−0.02	−0.22	0.830	−0.01	−0.05	−0.58	0.566	−0.03
Fear	0.23	3.35	0.001	0.19	0.14	2.02	0.044	0.11	0.13	2.96	0.032	0.13

Notes: N = 295. Significant coefficients are in bold.

Table 4 Associations Among Fatalism Subdimensions and Compliance with Social Distancing Mediated by Fear

Effect			95% CI
	E	SE	LL	UP	β	z	p
Indirect
Luck ⇒ Fear ⇒ Social Distancing	0.001	0.001	−0.002	0.006	−0.009	0.806	0.420
Pessimism ⇒ Fear ⇒ Social Distancing	0.011	0.005	0.001	0.021	0.053	2.349	0.019
Predetermination ⇒ Fear ⇒ Social Distancing	0.004	0.003	0.001	0.013	0.024	2.595	0.043
Powerlessness ⇒ Fear ⇒ Social Distancing	0.003	0.002	−0.001	0.007	0.017	1.239	0.215
Component
Luck ⇒ Fear	0.075	0.088	−0.098	0.248	0.054	0.848	0.396
Fear ⇒ Social Distancing	0.022	0.008	0.005	0.038	0.170	2.601	0.009
Pessimism ⇒ Fear	0.526	0.096	0.337	0.714	0.315	5.478	<0.001
Predetermination ⇒ Fear	0.231	0.096	0.037	0.422	0.125	2.113	0.025
Powerlessness ⇒ Fear	0.119	0.084	−0.047	0.284	0.097	1.409	0.159
Direct
Luck ⇒ Social Distancing	0.001	0.013	−0.025	0.026	0.003	0.044	0.965
Pessimism ⇒ Social Distancing	−0.001	0.015	−0.036	0.021	−0.034	−0.502	0.616
Predetermination ⇒ Social Distancing	−0.024	0.014	−0.051	0.003	−0.124	−1.742	0.081
Powerlessness ⇒ Social Distancing	0.012	0.012	−0.012	0.036	0.076	0.969	0.332
Total
Luck ⇒ Social Distancing	0.002	0.013	−0.023	0.028	0.012	0.171	0.865
Pessimism ⇒ Social Distancing	0.011	0.014	−0.023	0.032	0.019	0.299	0.765
Predetermination ⇒ Social Distancing	−0.008	0.014	−0.048	0.007	−0.104	−1.455	0.146
Powerlessness ⇒ Social Distancing	0.014	0.013	−0.009	0.039	0.092	1.171	0.242

Notes: N = 295. Significant associations are in bold.

Figure 2 Relationships among fatalism subscales and social distancing through fear.

Notes: Direct effects are in parentheses. *p < 0.05; **p<0.01; ***p < 0.001.

Table 5 Associations Among Fatalism Subdimensions and Compliance with Hygiene Mediated by Fear

Effect			95% CI
	E	SE	LL	UP	β	z	p
Indirect
Luck ⇒ Fear ⇒ Hygiene	0.001	0.002	−0.002	0.004	0.007	0.779	0.436
Pessimism ⇒ Fear ⇒ Hygiene	0.008	0.005	0.002	0.032	0.034	2.345	0.025
Predetermination ⇒ Fear ⇒ Hygiene	0.005	0.003	0.002	0.027	0.043	2.012	0.046
Powerlessness ⇒ Fear ⇒ Hygiene	0.002	0.002	−0.001	0.005	0.013	1.145	0.252
Component
Luck ⇒ Fear	0.075	0.088	−0.098	0.248	0.054	0.848	0.396
Fear ⇒ Hygiene	0.016	0.008	0.001	0.032	0.131	1.966	0.049
Pessimism ⇒ Fear	0.526	0.096	0.337	0.714	0.315	5.478	<0.001
Predetermination ⇒ Fear	0.231	0.096	0.037	0.422	0.125	2.113	0.025
Powerlessness ⇒ Fear	0.119	0.084	−0.047	0.284	0.097	1.409	0.159
Direct
Luck ⇒ Hygiene	−0.017	0.012	−0.041	0.007	−0.101	−1.383	0.167
Pessimism ⇒ Hygiene	−0.006	0.014	−0.034	0.021	−0.030	−0.439	0.661
Predetermination ⇒ Hygiene	0.010	0.013	−0.016	0.037	0.056	0.779	0.436
Powerlessness ⇒ Hygiene	−0.012	0.012	−0.035	0.012	−0.079	−0.987	0.324
Total
Luck ⇒ Hygiene	−0.016	0.012	−0.040	0.008	−0.093	−1.277	0.202
Pessimism ⇒ Hygiene	0.002	0.014	−0.024	0.029	0.011	0.165	0.869
Predetermination ⇒ Hygiene	0.013	0.013	−0.013	0.040	0.071	0.986	0.324
Powerlessness ⇒ Hygiene	−0.010	0.012	−0.033	0.014	−0.065	−0.817	0.414

Notes: N = 295. Significant associations are in bold.

Figure 3 Relationships among fatalism subscales and hygiene through fear.

Notes: Direct effects are in parentheses. *p < 0.05; ***p < 0.001.

Table 6 Associations Among Fatalism Subdimensions and Compliance with Mask Wearing Mediated by Fear

			95% CI
Effect	E	SE	LL	UP	β	z	p
Indirect
Luck ⇒ Fear ⇒ Mask Wearing	0.001	0.001	−0.001	0.001	−0.001	−0.271	0.787
Pessimism ⇒ Fear ⇒ Mask Wearing	0.003	0.004	0.006	0.027	0.054	2.113	0.045
Predetermination ⇒ Fear ⇒ Mask Wearing	0.001	0.002	−0.002	0.005	−0.003	−0.141	0.886
Powerlessness ⇒ Fear ⇒ Mask Wearing	0.001	0.001	−0.001	0.002	−0.001	−0.143	0.886
Component
Luck ⇒ Fear	0.075	0.088	−0.098	0.248	0.054	0.848	0.396
Fear ⇒ Mask Wearing	0.006	0.007	0.008	0.019	0.221	3.800	0.015
Pessimism ⇒ Fear	0.526	0.096	0.337	0.714	0.315	5.478	<0.001
Predetermination ⇒ Fear	0.231	0.096	0.037	0.422	0.125	2.113	0.025
Powerlessness ⇒ Fear	0.119	0.084	−0.047	0.284	0.097	1.409	0.159
Direct
Luck ⇒ Mask Wearing	−0.006	0.011	−0.028	0.013	−0.047	−0.659	0.510
Pessimism ⇒ Mask Wearing	0.004	0.012	−0.001	0.048	0.013	0.023	0.243
Predetermination ⇒ Mask Wearing	−0.003	0.011	−0.026	0.018	−0.022	−0.306	0.760
Powerlessness ⇒ Mask Wearing	−0.013	0.010	−0.034	0.006	−0.108	−1.383	0.167
Total
Luck ⇒ Mask Wearing	−0.007	0.010	−0.028	0.014	−0.048	−0.666	0.506
Pessimism ⇒ Mask Wearing	0.005	0.011	−0.001	0.046	0.013	0.075	0.438
Predetermination ⇒ Mask Wearing	−0.004	0.011	−0.026	0.019	−0.023	−0.322	0.747
Powerlessness ⇒ Mask Wearing	−0.014	0.010	−0.039	0.006	−0.109	−1.397	0.162

Notes: N = 295. Significant associations are in bold.

Figure 4 Relationships among fatalism subscales and mask wearing through fear.

Notes: Direct effects are in parentheses. *p < 0.05; ***p < 0.001.