Team Flexibility in Organizational Change Context: Antecedents and Consequences

Figures & data

Figure 1 Theoretical framework.

Abbreviation: BD, balance dimension of ambidexterity.

Table 1 Confirmatory Factor Analysis Results

Model	CFI	TLI	RMSEA	SRMR
Hypothesized model	0.959	0.930	0.059	0.041
Four-factor model ^a	0.861	0.835	0.106	0.067
Four-factor model ^b	0.834	0.803	0.116	0.087
Four-factor model ^c	0.885	0.863	0.097	0.067
Three-factor model	0.823	0.794	0.119	0.098
Two-factor model	0.728	0.689	0.146	0.108
Single-factor model	0.653	0.607	0.165	0.110

Notes: four-factor model^a = integrating change leadership and team flexibility into one factor, change adaptive behavior, proactive behavior, and perceived change fairness; four-factor model^b = integrating change proactive behavior and perceived change fairness into one factor, and the other three variables; four-factor model^c = integrating team flexibility and change adaptive behavior into one factor, and the others; three-factor model = integrating change adaptive behavior, proactive behavior, and perceived change fairness into one factor, change leadership, and team flexibility; two-factor model = integrating change leadership and team flexibility into one factor while integrating the others into another factor; single-factor model = integrating all variables into one single factor.

Table 2 Descriptive Statistics and Zero-Order Correlations

Variable	M	SD	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11
Employee level
1. Gender	0.52	0.50	–	−0.02	−0.13**	0.01	−0.00	0.05
2. Tenure	4.47	4.15		–	−0.12**	0.00	0.04	0.00
3. Education	2.74	0.83			–	0.09*	0.07	0.03
4. Adaptive behavior	4.18	0.58				–	0.72***	0.29***
5. Proactive behavior	4.15	0.59					–	0.26***
6. Change fairness	3.62	0.77						–
Department level
7. Change leadership	4.01	0.45				0.46***	0.52***	0.59***	–
8. Team flexibility	4.06	0.35				0.53***	0.57***	0.37***	0.72***	–
Company level
9. Company size	3.65	1.27				0.14	0.19	0.20	0.32*	0.03	–
10. Exploration	3.95	0.54				0.24	0.17	0.17	−0.003	0.11	0.05	–
11. Exploitation	4.02	0.49				0.13	−0.01	−0.09	−0.18	−0.03	0.23	0.57***	–
12. BD	4.66	0.34				0.26*	0.29*	0.40**	0.40*	0.32*	0.38*	0.18	0.08

Notes: Correlations above the diagonal indicate analyses at the individual level (N = 602). Correlations below the diagonal indicate analyses at the department level (N = 108) and the company level (N = 43). *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001.

Table 3 Results of Hierarchical Linear Modeling

	Team Flexibility		Change Adaptive Behavior					Change Proactive Behavior					Change Fairness
Model	M1	M2	M3	M4	M5	M6	M7	M8	M9	M10	M11	M12	M13	M14	M15	M16	M17
Individual level
Gender			0.02	0.02	0.02	0.02	0.02	−0.004	0.01	0.002	−0.001	0.003	0.08	0.11*	0.08	0.11*	0.11*
Tenure			0.002	0.001	0.002	−0.003	0.001	0.01	0.01	0.001	0.001	0.01	0.01	0.00	0.01	−0.00	0.00
Education			0.03	0.04	0.04	0.04	0.04	0.01	0.01	0.01	0.02	0.02	−0.01	0.01	−0.01	0.01	0.01
Group level
CL	0.55***		0.33***		0.05			0.38***		0.11			0.62***		0.70***
TF				0.51***	0.46***		0.49***		0.55***	0.45***		0.53***		0.48***	−0.14		0.43***
Company level
Company size	−0.04	−0.03	0.01	0.03	0.02	0.01	0.02	0.01	0.04*	0.03	0.02	0.03	0.01	0.05	0.00	0.02	0.03
BD		0.35*				0.25^†	0.08				0.27^†	0.09				0.42^†	0.26
σ^2	0.05	0.08	0.29	0.29	0.29	0.29	0.29	0.30	0.30	0.30	0.31	0.30	0.51	0.51	0.51	0.52	0.51
τπ intercept	0.01	0.04	0.04	0.002	0.001	0.02	0.003	0.003	0.0002	0.0002	0.01	0.0001	0.004	0.03	0.004	0.05	0.03
τπ slope
τβ			0.04	0.001	0.001	0.001	0.00	0.01	0.001	0.001	0.01	0.001	0.02	0.02	0.01	0.004	0.01
R^2level1^I	0.39	0.01	0.04	0.04	0.04	0.03	0.02	0.01	0.02	0.02	0.003	0.02	0.01	0.004	0.01	0	0.002
R^2level2^IIintercept	0.75	0.18	0.77	0.92	0.93	0	0.82	0.70	0.98	0.97	0	0.99	0.93	0.48	0.93	0.16	0.51
R^2level2^IIslope
R^2level3^III			0.63	0.90	0.90	0.87	0.99	0.79	0.96	0.95	0.56	0.97	0.09	0.02	0.18	0.75	0.26

Notes: †p < 0.10, *p < 0.05, ***p < 0.001.

Abbreviations: CL, change leadership; TF, team flexibility; BD, balance dimension of ambidexterity.

Table 4 Results for the Multilevel Indirect Effects with Monte Carlo Method

	Change Adaptive Behavior				Change Proactive Behavior				Perceived Change Fairness
Predictors	ab	abcs	Lower	Upper	ab	abcs	Lower	Upper	ab	abcs	Lower	Upper
BD	0.17	0.10	0.03	0.33	0.19	0.11	0.03	0.36	0.15	0.07	0.02	0.31
CL	0.25	0.19	0.13	0.39	0.25	0.19	0.15	0.35	−0.08	−0.05	−0.23	0.06

Notes: 95% CIs. Mediator is team flexibility.

Abbreviations: CL, change leadership; BD, balance dimension of ambidexterity; ab, indirect effect; ab_cs, effect size of indirect effect.