The Impact of Team Knowledge Heterogeneity on Entrepreneurial Opportunity Identification: A Moderated Mediation Model

Figures & data

Figure 1 The conceptual model.

Table 1 Basic Information for the Subjects

Property	Category	Number	Percentage
Gender	Man	183	61.20%
	Woman	116	38.80%
Age	25 years old and under	32	10.60%
	26–35 years old	142	47.02%
	36–45 years old	98	32.45%
	46–55 years old	24	7.95%
	55 years and older	6	1.99%
Educational background	High school and below	54	18.06%
	College	93	31.10%
	Undergraduate	116	38.80%
	Graduate	36	12.04%
Professional type	Liberal	89	30.48%
	Science	85	29.11%
	Engineering	31	10.62%
	Art, sports	26	8.90%
	Other	61	20.89%
Whether you have any entrepreneurial experience	Yes	168	55.63%
	No	134	44.37%
	2~4	59	21.0%
No. of Team	5~7	71	25.30%
	Above 8	146	52.00%
	Below 1 year	35	12.50%
	1~3 years	103	36.70%
Enterprise creation time	3~5 years	47	16.70%
	5~8 years	39	13.90%
	Above 8 years	52	18.50%
	Manufactory	39	13.90%
	Service/Trade	120	42.70%
Industry	High technology	18	6.40%
	Finance/Real Estate	18	6.40%
	Culture, sports and entertainment	36	12.80%
	Others	43	15.30%

Table 2 Variables’ Rwg, ICC(1), and ICC(2) Coefficients

	Rwg	ICC(1)	ICC(2)
Team knowledge heterogeneity	0.91	0.35	0.58
Entrepreneurial opportunity identification	0.69	0.28	0.54
Social capital	0.97	0.32	0.52
Regulatory focus	0.97	0.33	0.55

Table 3 Model Fit Statistics

Model Tested	χ^2/df	CFI	TLI	IFI	RMSEA
M4(Four-factor model)	1.54	0.90	0.86	0.90	0.05
M3(Three-factor model)	2.05	0.76	0.72	0.77	0.08
M2(Two-factor model)	2.74	0.57	0.54	0.58	0.11
M1(One-factor model)	3.39	0.40	0.37	0.41	0.12

Notes: One-factor model: (team knowledge heterogeneity, social capital, promotional regulatory focus, preventive regulatory focus, profitability, feasibility); Two-factor model: (team knowledge heterogeneity, social capital + promotional regulatory focus + preventive regulatory focus + profitability + feasibility); Three-factor model: (team knowledge heterogeneity, social capital, promotional regulatory focus + preventive regulatory focus + profitability + feasibility); Four-factor model: (team knowledge heterogeneity, social capital, promotional regulatory focus + preventive regulatory focus, profitability + feasibility).

Table 4 Correlation Matrix Between Variables

	M	SD	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8
1 Team knowledge heterogeneity	3.23	0.39	1
2 Social capital	3.59	0.32	0.34**	1
3 Entrepreneurial opportunity identification	3.47	0.44	0.21*	0.40**	1
4 Feasibility	3.52	0.51	0.17*	0.38**	0.90**	1
5 Profitability	3.41	0.48	0.21*	0.35**	0.88**	0.59**	1
6 Regulatory focus	3.66	0.34	0.31**	0.37**	0.35**	0.33**	0.29**	1
7 Promotive regulatory focus	3.51	0.43	0.20*	0.32**	0.39**	0.37**	0.62**	0.81**	1
8 preventive regulatory focus	3.80	0.42	0.31	0.29**	0.18	0.16	0.15	0.81**	0.32**	1

Notes: *p<0.05, ** p <0.01.

Table 5 The Results of Hierarchical Multiple Regression Analysis

Variable	Social Capital		Entrepreneurial Opportunity Identification
			Feasibility					Profitability
	M1	M2	M3	M4	M5	M6	M7	M8	M9	M10	M11	M12
No. of Team	0.018	0.021	−0.012	−0.010	−0.022	−0.064	−0.025	−0.031	−0.029	−0.038	−0.073	−0.041
Enterprise Creation time	−0.017	−0.015	−0.073	−0.071	−0.063	−0.039	−0.065	−0.043	−0.040	−0.034	−0.014	−0.035
Industry	0.003	0.004	−0.013	−0.013	−0.015	−0.014	−0.009	−0.007	−0.007	−0.008	−0.008	−0.003
Team knowledge heterogeneity		0.290***		0.219^#	0.061	0.022	0.024		0.259**	0.128	0.096	0.093
Social capital					0.546***	0.051	0.343			0.451***	0.041	0.255
Social capital * promotional regulatory focus						0.103***					0.085**
Social capital * preventive regulatory focus							0.041					0.039
R^2	0.006	0.118	0.036	0.063	0.173	0.257	0.186	0.018	0.060	0.144	0.209	0.157
∆ R^2	0.006	0.112	0.036	0.027	0.110	0.084	0.012	0.018	0.042	0.085	0.064	0.013
F	0.199	3.333*	1.266	1.680	4.149	5.644***	3.723***	0.610	1.590	3.342**	4.313***	3.049
∆ F	0.199	12.666***	1.266	2.852	13.204***	11.021***	1.493	0.610	4.468*	9.791*	7.987*	1.499

Notes: *p<0.05, ** p <0.01, *** p< 0.001, ^#p<0.08.

Table 6 The Results of Moderated Mediation Effects

Dependent Variable	Mediator Variable	Level	β Standardized Indirect Effect	SE of Boots	95% CI (Lower and Upper)
Feasibility	Promotional regulatory focus	Low	0.124	0.073	[0.025, 0.320]
		Moderate	0.121	0.057	[0.036, 0.267]
		High	0.117	0.062	[0.022, 0.281]
Profitability	Promotional regulatory focus	Low	0.119	0.064	[0.019, 0.278]
		Moderate	0.100	0.052	[0.027, 0.254]
		High	0.082	0.007	[−0.028, 0.239]