About Six in Ten Survivors of the November 2020 Maikadra Massacre Suffer from Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Northwest Ethiopia

Figures & data

Table 1 Socio-Demographic Characteristics of Study Participants of Mai Kadra, North West Ethiopia, 2021 (n=610)

Variables	Categories	Frequency	Percent
Sex	Male	348	57.0
	Female	262	43.0
Religion	Orthodox	539	88.4
	Muslim	66	10.8
	Other^a	5	0.8
Marital status	Single	151	24.7
	Married	362	59.3
	Divorced	69	11.3
	Widowed	28	4.6
Educational level	Unable to read and write	213	34.9
	Primary school	182	29.02
	Secondary school	177	29.3
	Diploma	33	5.4
	Degree and above	5	0.82
Occupational status	Government employee	31	5.1
	Student	56	9.2
	Farmer	144	23.6
	Housewife	81	13.3
	Daily laborer	66	10.8
	Merchant	96	15.7
	Unemployed	136	22.3

Note: ^aCatholic, Protestant.

Table 2 Bi-Variable and Multi-Variable Regression Analysis Showing Associations Between Independent Variables and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Among Residents of Mai Kadra, North West Ethiopia, 2021 (n=610)

		PTSD
		Yes	No	COR	AOR (95% CI)
Sex	Male	179	169	1	1
	Female	186	76	2.31 (1.64–3.24)	1.93 (1.27–2.92)**
Marital status	Single	105	46	1.75 (1.17–2.62)	1.35 (0.82–2.21)
	Married	205	157	1	1
	Divorced	38	31	0.94 (0.56–1.58)	0.73 (0.40–1.34)
	Widowed	17	11	1.18 (0.54–2.60)	1.06 (0.42–2.70)
Occupational status	Government employee	14	17	1	1
	Student	29	27	1.30 (0.54–3.15)	0.98 (0.35–2.76)
	Farmer	78	66	1.43 (0.66–3.13)	1.12 (0.45–2.76)
	Housewife	54	27	2.43 (1.04–5.65)	0.92 (0.33–2.56)
	Daily labor	33	33	1.21 (0.52–2.86)	0.88 (0.33–2.38)
	Merchant	63	33	2.32 (1.02–5.28)	1.51 (0.58–3.95)
	Unemployed	94	42	2.72 (1.23–6.02)	1.79 (0.71–4.56)
Worst events	Physical assault	138	102	1.10 (0.51–2.39)	1.34 (0.53–3.41)
	Being in a war fighting situation	146	72	1.65 (0.75–3.61)	2.01 (0.78–5.17)
	Destruction of personal property	65	58	0.91 (0.40–2.05)	1.11 (0.42–2.91)
	Did not access medical care during the event	16	13	1	1
A family member or friend was injured or killed	Yes	58	28	1.46 (0.90–2.37)	1.95 (1.10–3.48)*
	No	307	217	1	1
Family mental illness	Yes	18	20	0.58 (0.30–1.13)	0.69 (0.32–1.51)
	No	347	225	1	1
Having chronic medical illness	Yes	81	72	0.69 (0.47–0.99)	0.89 (0.56–1.40)
	No	284	173	1	1
Current use of khat	Yes	71	56	0.82 (0.55–1.21)	1.08 (0.64–1.83)
	No	294	189	1	1
Current use of alcohol	Yes	146	128	0.61 (0.44–0.85)	0.70 (0.46–1.06)
	No	219	117	1	1
Current cigarette smoking	Yes	55	54	0.63 (0.41–0.95)	1.07 (0.61–1.91)
	No	310	191	1	1
Depression	Yes	216	106	1.90 (1.37–2.64)	1.67 (1.13–2.47)*
	No	149	139	1	1
Social support	Poor social support	221	161	0.67 (0.40–1.12)	1.13 (0.60–2.11)
	Moderate social support	91	58	0.77 (0.43–1.37)	1.10 (0.56–2.16)
	Strong social support	53	26	1	1
Perceived life threat	Low perceived threat	36	80	1	1
	Moderate perceived threat	202	119	3.77 (2.40–5.94)	3.35 (1.98–5.68)***
	High perceived threat	127	46	6.14 (3.65–10.30)	3.66 (1.93, 6.96)***
Anxiety	Yes	208	88	2.36 (1.69–3.30)	1.85 (1.21–2.83)**
	No	157	157	1	1
Level of exposure	Direct	124	27	4.59 (1.74–12.12)	3.27 (1.09–9.83)*
	Witnessed it	231	208	1.11 (0.45–2.72)	0.85 (0.29–2.25)
	Job related	10	10	1	1

Notes: * P<0.05 (variables significantly associated with PTSD), **p≤0.01 and ***p≤0.001; chi-square=6.9; df=8; Hosmer-Lemeshow test=0.55.