The Paradoxical Effects of the Contagion of Service-Oriented Organizational Citizenship Behavior

Figures & data

Figure 1 Theoretical model of the current research.

Table 1 Model Fit Results for Confirmatory Factor Analyses

Model	X^2/DF	CFI	SRMR	RMSEA	Model Comparison Test
					Model Comparison	∆χ^2	∆df
1. Five factors: CSO, OSO, HP, SE, SSA	2.494	0.911	0.0342	0.079	–	–	–
2. Four factors a: CSO, OSO, HP + SE, SSA	3.418	0.855	0.11	0.101	2vs1	1046.584	4
3. Four factors b: CSO, OSO, SE + SSA, HP	4.064	0.816	0.1024	0.113	3vs1	724.12	4
4. Four factors c: CSO, OSO, HP + SSA, SE	4.181	0.81	0.141	0.116	4vs1	130.741	4
5. Three factors: CSO, OSO, HP + SE + SSA	4.979	0.761	0.1464	0.129	5vs1	908.982	7
6. Single factor:	10.721	0.415	0.285	0.202	6vs1	6486.235	10

Notes: n=239; “CSO” indicates coworkers’ service-oriented OCB, “HP” indicates observers’ hypocrisy perception, “SE” indicates observers’ serving self-efficacy, “SSA” indicates observers’ self-serving attribution, “OSO” indicates observers’ service-oriented OCB; ∆ = change relative to the measurement model.

Abbreviations: CFI, comparative fit index; RMSEA, root mean squared error of approximation; SRMR, standardized root mean-square residual.

Table 2 Correlation analysis

Variables	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10
1. Gender (T1)	1
2. Age (T1)	−0.117	1
3. Education (T1)	0.036	−0.263**	1
4. Job (T1)	0.032	−0.462**	0.046	1
5. Tenure (T1)	−0.116	0.774**	−0.315**	−0.449**	1
6. CSO (T1)	−0.055	−0.052	0.054	−0.048	−0.044	1
7. HP (T2)	0.000	−0.088	0.088	0.077	−0.053	0.423**	1
8. SE(T2)	−0.071	0.083	−0.106	−0.070	0.152*	0.250**	0.050	1
9. SSA (T3)	0.076	−0.125	0.011	0.172**	−0.197**	0.005	−0.047	−0.297**	1
10. OSO (T3)	−0.121	0.153*	0.040	−0.216**	0.156*	0.231**	−0.164*	0.431**	−0.358**	1

Notes: n=239; “CSO” indicates coworkers’ service-oriented OCB, “HP” indicates observers’ hypocrisy perception, “SE” indicates observers’ serving self-efficacy, “SSA” indicates observers’ self-serving attribution, “OSO” indicates observers’ service-oriented OCB; *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01.

Abbreviation: T1/2/3, Time 1/2/3.

Table 3 Regression Results for the Predictors of Observers’ Hypocrisy Perception

Variables	Observers’ Hypocrisy Perception (T2)
	Model 1			Model 2			Model 3
	b	SE	t	b	SE	t	b	SE	t
Observers’ gender (T1)	−0.015	0.131	−0.112	0.047	0.119	0.399	0.066	0.117	0.588
Observers’ age (T1)	−0.110	0.121	−0.911	−0.067	0.110	−0.612	−0.086	0.108	−0.799
Observers’ education (T1)	0.116	0.095	1.213	0.092	0.087	1.064	0.099	0.085	1.163
Observers’ job (T1)	0.047	0.056	0.837	0.083	0.052	1.604	0.065	0.051	1.270
Observers’ tenure (T1)	0.051	0.073	0.700	0.050	0.067	0.736	0.052	0.066	0.786
Coworkers’ service-oriented OCB (T1)				0.425	0.059	7.167**	0.428	0.058	7.360**
Observers’ self-serving attribution (T3)				−0.063	0.061	−1.043	−0.027	0.061	−0.438
Coworkers’ service-oriented OCB * Observers’ self-serving attribution							0.190	0.059	3.210**
Constant	−0.342	0.530	−0.645	−0.594	0.482	−1.233	−0.537	0.473	−1.135
VIF (MAX)					1.060			1.100
R^2		0.017			0.198			0.233
ΔR^2					0.181			0.034
F		0.790			8.155**			8.711**

Notes: n = 239; Unstandardized regression coefficients are reported; *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01.

Abbreviation: T1/2/3, Time 1/2/3.

Table 4 Regression Results for the Predictors of Observers’ Serving Self-Efficacy

Variables	Observers’ Serving Self-efficacy (T2)
	Model 1			Model 2			Model 3
	b	SE	t	b	SE	t	b	SE	t
Observers’ gender (T1)	−0.113	0.130	−0.870	−0.047	0.121	−0.386	−0.058	0.120	−0.483
Observers’ age (T1)	−0.121	0.120	−1.007	−0.066	0.112	−0.595	−0.055	0.111	−0.493
Observers’ education (T1)	−0.095	0.094	−1.006	−0.123	0.088	−1.399	−0.127	0.088	−1.453
Observers’ job (T1)	−0.021	0.056	−0.376	0.022	0.052	0.417	0.033	0.052	0.627
Observers’ tenure (T1)	0.134	0.073	1.835^†	0.094	0.068	1.379	0.093	0.068	1.365
Coworkers’ service-oriented OCB (T1)				0.259	0.060	4.286**	0.257	0.060	4.280**
Observers’ self-serving attribution (T3)				−0.279	0.062	−4.530**	−0.302	0.062	−4.833**
Coworkers’ service-oriented OCB * Observers’ self-serving attribution							−0.116	0.061	−1.903^†
Constant	0.509	0.525	0.969	0.285	0.490	0.583	0.250	0.487	0.514
VIF (MAX)					1.060			1.099
R^2		0.034			0.172			0.185
ΔR^2					0.138			0.013
F		1.646			6.847**			6.512**

Notes: n = 239; Unstandardized regression coefficients are reported; ^†p < 0.10, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01.

Abbreviation: T1/2/3, Time 1/2/3.

Figure 2 The moderating role of observers’ self-serving attribution on the relationship between coworkers’ service-oriented OCB and observers’ hypocrisy perception.

Figure 3 The moderating role of observers’ self-serving attribution on the relationship between coworkers’ service-oriented OCB and observers’ serving self-efficacy.

Table 5 Regression Results for the Predictors of Observers’ Service-Oriented OCB

Variables	Observers’ Service-oriented OCB (T3)
	Model 1			Model 2
	b	SE	t	b	SE	t
Observers’ gender (T1)	−0.145	0.118	−1.227	−0.105	0.105	−1.000
Observers’ age (T1)	0.088	0.109	0.802	0.076	0.097	0.784
Observers’ education (T1)	0.083	0.086	0.969	0.155	0.077	2.013*
Observers’ job (T1)	−0.086	0.051	−1.671^†	−0.075	0.046	−1.630
Observers’ tenure (T1)	0.002	0.067	0.031	−0.010	0.060	−0.161
Coworkers’ service-oriented OCB (T1)	0.225	0.059	3.821**	0.286	0.060	4.734**
Observers’ self-serving attribution (T3)	−0.323	0.061	−5.269**	−0.238	0.057	−4.160**
Coworkers’ service-oriented OCB* Observers’ self-serving attribution	0.007	0.060	0.120	0.105	0.055	1.924^†
Observers’ Hypocrisy Perception (T2)				−0.328	0.059	−5.518**
Observers’ Serving Self-efficacy (T2)				0.309	0.058	5.364**
Constant	0.117	0.478	0.245	−0.136	0.427	−0.319
VIF (MAX)		1.099			1.352
R^2		0.216			0.385
ΔR^2					0.169
F		7.906**			14.254**

Notes: n = 239; Unstandardized regression coefficients are reported; ^†p < 0.10, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01.

Abbreviation: T1/2/3, Time 1/2/3.

Table 6 Bootstrap Results for the Moderated Mediation Effect

Variables		Conditional Indirect Effect				Moderated Mediator
		Estimate	Boot SE	BC 95% CI		INDEX	S.E.	BC 95% CI
Observers’ Hypocrisy Perception	Low observers’ self-serving attribution	−0.0578	0.0371	−0.1424	0.0020	−0.0575	0.0240	−0.1114	−0.0146
	Middle observers’ self-serving attribution	−0.1303	0.0313	−0.1998	−0.0750
	High observers’ self-serving attribution	−0.1829	0.0429	−0.2751	−0.1068
Observers’ Serving Self-efficacy	Low observers’ self-serving attribution	0.1563	0.0408	0.0785	0.2394	−0.0451	0.0208	−0.0856	−0.0021
	Middle observers’ self-serving attribution	0.0995	0.0268	0.0518	0.1558
	High observers’ self-serving attribution	0.0583	0.0299	0.0068	0.1261

Notes: n=310; low represents mean “−1” SD (Standard Deviation), and high represents mean “+1” SD; This study uses bootstrap for random sampling 5000 times.

Abbreviations: S.E., standard error, BC, biased corrected, CI, confidence interval.

Figure 4 Conditional effect of coworkers’ service-oriented OCB on observers’ service-oriented OCB at values of observers’ self-serving attribution (observers’ hypocrisy perception as mediator).

Figure 5 Conditional effect of coworkers’ service-oriented OCB on observers’ service-oriented OCB at values of observers’ self-serving attribution (observers’ serving self-efficacy as mediator).