The Roles of Moral Disengagement and Learned Helplessness Towards International Postgraduate Students’ Academic Procrastination

Figures & data

Figure 1 Theoretical model.

Table 1 Confirmatory Factor Analysis

Model	Factor	χ^2	df	χ^2/df	RMSEA	CFI	IFI	TLI
Four-Factor	Supervisor’s Moral Disengagement, IPS’s Academic Procrastination, IPS’s Moral Disengagement, IPS’s Learned Helplessness	594.009	224	2.652	0.079	0.982	0.986	0.954
Three-Factor	Supervisor’s Moral Disengagement, IPS’s Academic Procrastination, IPS’s Moral Disengagement + IPS’s Learned Helplessness	746.549	227	3.289	0.093	0.794	0.798	0.759
Double-Factor	Supervisor’s Moral Disengagement + IPS’s Moral Disengagement + IPS’s Learned Helplessness, IPS’s Academic Procrastination	974.980	229	4.258	0.111	0.560	0.566	0.514
Single-Factor	Supervisor’s Moral Disengagement + IPS’s Moral Disengagement + IPS’s Learned Helplessness + IPS’s Academic Procrastination	1274.021	230	5.539	0.131	0.384	0.393	0.323

Table 2 Descriptive Statistics and Correlation Analysis

Control Variables	Variables	Mean	SD	1	2	3	4
Gender, Nationality, Religion, Major, Education Background	1 Supervisor’s Moral Disengagement	3.257	0.658	1
	2 IPS’s Academic Procrastination	3.863	0.396	0.163**	1
	3 IPS’s Moral Disengagement	3.752	0.506	−0.012	0.199**	1
	4 IPS’s Learned Helplessness	3.652	0.324	0.036	0.282***	0.209**	1

Note: **means p<0.01, ***means p<0.001.

Table 3 Supervisor’s Moral Disengagement and IPS’s Academic Procrastination

Variables	IPS’s Academic Procrastination
	Model 1			Model 2
	β	95% CI		β	95% CI
		Lower Limit	Upper Limit		Lower Limit	Upper Limit
Gender	−0.033	−0.132	0.066	−0.038	−0.135	0.060
Nationality	0.010	−0.043	0.063	0.016	−0.037	0.069
Religion	−0.066	−0.186	0.054	−0.068	−0.187	0.051
Major	−0.030	−0.083	0.022	−0.029	−0.081	0.022
Education Background	−0.050	−0.150	0.050	−0.049	−0.149	0.050
Supervisor’s Moral Disengagement				0.098**	−0.171	−0.026
R^2	0.013			0.040
Adjusted R^2	−0.005			0.018
ΔR^2	0.013			0.026
F	0.712			1.789*

Note: * means p<0.05, **means p<0.01.

Table 4 The Moderating Effect of IPS’s Moral Disengagement

Variables	IPS’s Academic Procrastination
	β	95% CI		β	95% CI
		Lower Limit	Upper Limit		Lower Limit	Upper Limit
	Model 1			Model 2
Gender	−0.033	−0.132	0.066	−0.038	−0.135	0.060
Nationality	0.010	−0.043	0.063	0.016	−0.037	0.069
Religion	−0.066	−0.186	0.054	−0.068	−0.187	0.051
Major	−0.030	−0.083	0.022	−0.029	−0.081	0.022
Education Background	−0.050	−0.150	0.050	−0.049	−0.149	0.050
Supervisor’s Moral Disengagement				0.098**	−0.171	−0.026
IPS’s Learned Helplessness
Supervisor’s Moral Disengagement * IPS’s Learned Helplessness
R^2	0.013			0.040
Adjusted R^2	−0.005			0.018
ΔR^2	0.013			0.026
F	0.712			1.789*
	Model 3			Model 4
Gender	−0.041	−0.134	0.053	−0.029	−0.122	0.064
Nationality	0.028	−0.023	0.079	0.035	−0.015	0.086
Religion	−0.061	−0.175	0.053	−0.050	−0.163	0.064
Major	−0.042	−0.091	0.008	−0.041	−0.090	0.009
Education Background	−0.032	−0.128	0.063	−0.020	−0.115	0.075
Supervisor’s Moral Disengagement	0.104**	−0.174	−0.035	0.107**	−0.176	−0.038
IPS’s Learned Helplessness	0.353***	0.211	0.494	0.310***	0.166	0.455
Supervisor’s Moral Disengagement * IPS’s Learned Helplessness				0.066*	0.012	0.119
R^2	0.078			0.112
Adjusted R^2	0.053			0.084
ΔR^2	0.038			0.034
F	3.116**			4.043***

Note: *means p<0.05, **means p<0.01, ***means p<0.001.

Figure 2 Schematic diagram of interaction effect (IPS’s Moral Disengagement).

Table 5 The Moderating Effect of IPS’s Learned Helplessness

	IPS’s Academic Procrastination
Variables	β	95% CI		β	95% CI
		Lower Limit	Upper Limit		Lower Limit	Upper Limit
	Model 1			Model 2
Gender	−0.033	−0.132	0.066	−0.038	−0.135	0.060
Nationality	0.010	−0.043	0.063	0.016	−0.037	0.069
Religion	−0.066	−0.186	0.054	−0.068	−0.187	0.051
Major	−0.030	−0.083	0.022	−0.029	−0.081	0.022
Education Background	−0.050	−0.150	0.050	−0.049	−0.149	0.050
Supervisor’s Moral Disengagement				0.098**	−0.171	−0.026
IPS’s Learned Helplessness
Supervisor’s Moral Disengagement * IPS’s Learned Helplessness
R^2	0.013			0.040
Adjusted R^2	−0.005			0.018
ΔR^2	0.013			0.026
F	0.712			1.789*
	Model 3			Model 4
Gender	−0.041	−0.134	0.053	−0.029	−0.122	0.064
Nationality	0.028	−0.023	0.079	0.035	−0.015	0.086
Religion	−0.061	−0.175	0.053	−0.050	−0.163	0.064
Major	−0.042	−0.091	0.008	−0.041	−0.090	0.009
Education Background	−0.032	−0.128	0.063	−0.020	−0.115	0.075
Supervisor’s Moral Disengagement	0.104**	−0.174	−0.035	0.107**	−0.176	−0.038
IPS’s Learned Helplessness	0.353***	0.211	0.494	0.310***	0.166	0.455
Supervisor’s Moral Disengagement * IPS’s Learned Helplessness				0.066*	0.012	0.119
R^2	0.121			0.141
Adjusted R^2	0.098			0.114
ΔR^2	0.082			0.019
F	5.097***			5.272***

Note: *means p<0.05, **means p<0.01, ***means p<0.001.

Figure 3 Schematic diagram of interaction effect (IPS’s Learned Helplessness).

Table 6 The Moderating Effect of IPS’s Learned Helplessness (Moderated Moderation)

Variables	IPS’s Academic Procrastination
	β	95% CI		β	95% CI
		Lower Limit	Upper Limit		Lower Limit	Upper Limit
	Model 1			Model 2
Gender	−0.033	−0.132	0.066	−0.038	−0.135	0.060
Nationality	0.010	−0.043	0.063	0.016	−0.037	0.069
Religion	−0.066	−0.186	0.054	−0.068	−0.187	0.051
Major	−0.030	−0.083	0.022	−0.029	−0.081	0.022
Education Background	−0.050	−0.150	0.050	−0.049	−0.149	0.050
Supervisor’s Moral Disengagement				0.098**	−0.171	−0.026
IPS’s Moral Disengagement
IPS’s Learned Helplessness
Supervisor’s Moral Disengagement * IPS’s Moral Disengagement
Supervisor’s Moral Disengagement * IPS’s Moral Disengagement * IPS’s Learned Helplessness
R^2	0.013			0.040
Adjusted R^2	−0.005			0.018
ΔR^2	0.013			0.026
F	0.712			1.789*
	Model 3			Model 4
Gender	−0.035	−0.129	0.060	−0.037	−0.129	0.054
Nationality	0.020	−0.031	0.071	0.027	−0.023	0.077
Religion	−0.079	−0.194	0.035	−0.072	−0.184	0.039
Major	−0.020	−0.070	0.030	−0.033	−0.082	0.016
Education Background	0.000	−0.098	0.099	0.003	−0.093	0.098
Supervisor’s Moral Disengagement	0.079*	−0.150	−0.008	0.091*	−0.160	−0.022
IPS’s Moral Disengagement	0.153**	0.060	0.246	0.107*	0.014	0.199
IPS’s Learned Helplessness				0.307***	0.164	0.450
Supervisor’s Moral Disengagement * IPS’s Moral Disengagement	0.061**	0.023	0.099	0.054**	0.017	0.092
Supervisor’s Moral Disengagement * IPS’s Moral Disengagement * IPS’s Learned Helplessness				0.029*	0.016	0.074
R^2	0.112			0.172
Adjusted R^2	0.084			0.140
ΔR^2	0.034			0.060
F	4.043***			5.299***

Note: *means p<0.05, **means p<0.01, ***means p<0.001.

Figure 4 Schematic diagram of interaction effect (Moderated Moderation).