Psychological Status and Job Burnout of Nurses Working in the Frontline of the Novel Coronavirus in China During the Delta Variant Outbreak: A Cross-Sectional Survey

Figures & data

Table 1. Demographic Characteristics of the Participant Nurses (n=512)

Characteristics	Groups	N	%
The nurses from temporary NAT sites in communities/towns in Zhangjiajie city
	Yes	198	38.7
	No	314	61.3
Gender
	Female	441	86.1
	Male	71	13.9
Age, years
	<25	59	11.5
	25–29	191	37.3
	30–34	150	29.3
	35–39	53	10.4
	≥40	59	11.5
Marital status
	Single	209	40.8
	Married	284	55.5
	Divorced	19	3.7
Educational attainment
	Junior college	88	17.2
	Bachelor	358	69.9
	Master	66	12.9
Professional title
	Junior	321	62.7
	Intermediate	148	28.9
	Senior	43	8.4
Working seniority, years
	<5	119	23.2
	5–9	208	40.6
	10–19	124	24.2
	≥20	61	11.9
Duration of working in the frontline of the novel coronavirus, days
	1–9	65	12.7
	10–19	163	31.8
	20–29	127	24.8
	≥30	157	30.7
Have you had direct contact with COVID-19 patients or their body fluids and specimens?
	Yes	454	88.7
	No	58	11.3

Abbreviation: COVID-19, the coronavirus disease 2019.

Table 2. SCL-90 Dimension Scores ()

Subscale	Score(n=512)	Reference Score^Citation16 (n=31,249)	t	P
Somatization	1.54±0.56	1.55±0.65	−0.339	0.735
Obsessive-Compulsive	1.72±0.56	1.67±0.92	1.892	0.059
Interpersonal Sensitivity	1.49±0.47	1.56±0.81	−3.258	0.001**
Depression	1.99±0.80	1.86±0.55	3.587	P<0.001
Anxiety	1.61±0.40	1.50±0.75	5.933	P<0.001
Hostility	1.62±0.45	1.46±0.33	7.943	P<0.001
Phobic anxiety	1.34±0.44	1.24±0.65	4.922	P<0.001
Paranoid Ideation	1.45±0.41	1.42±0.74	1.698	0.090
Psychoticism	1.30±0.37	1.31±0.59	−0.333	0.739

Note: **P<0.01.

Table 3. Prevalence of Job Burnout Among the Nurses

Degree	N	%
No burnout	199	38.9
Moderate burnout	291	56.8
Severe burnout	22	4.3
Total	512	100

Table 4. Correlations Between SCL-90 Scores and Job Burnout (Spearman Correlation Coefficient)

Items	Emotional Exhaustion	Cynicism	Reduced Personal Accomplishment	Weighted Burnout Sum Score
Somatization	0.28**	0.26**	0.264**	0.359**
Obsessive-Compulsive	0.2**	0.144**	0.208**	0.265**
Interpersonal Sensitivity	0.172**	0.107*	0.14*	0.202**
Depression	0.476**	0.544*	0.493*	0.604**
Anxiety	0.19**	0.114*	0.144*	0.215**
Hostility	0.071	0.007	0.018	0.069
Phobic anxiety	0.163**	0.143**	0.122**	0.200**
Paranoid Ideation	0.167**	0.101*	0.155**	0.198**
Psychoticism	0.183**	0.139**	0.167**	0.231**
Additional Items	0.222**	0.216**	0.229**	0.298**
GSI	0.363**	0.361**	0.393**	0.477**

Notes: **P<0.01; *P<0.05.

Abbreviation: GSI, Global Severity Index.

Table 5. Comparison of GSI in Different Populations (n=512)

Items	Groups	GSI()	Z/H	P value
The nurses from temporary NAT sites in communities/towns in Zhangjiajie city			−4.494^a	P<0.001
	Yes	1.66±0.43
	No	1.55±0.43
Gender			−0.131^a	0.895
	Female	1.59±0.43
	Male	1.61±0.49
Age, years			9.047^b	0.06
	<25	1.60±0.46
	25–29	1.62±0.42
	30–34	1.59±0.46
	35–39	1.61±0.49
	≥40	1.45±0.30
Marital status			0.827^b	0.661
	Single	1.61±0.43
	Married	1.58±0.44
	Divorced	1.53±0.34
Educational attainment			8.623^b	0.013*
	Junior college	1.57±0.52
	Bachelor	1.61±0.42
	Master	1.49±0.38
Professional title			9.802^b	0.007**
	Junior	1.61±0.43
	Intermediate	1.61±0.47
	Senior	1.42±0.31
Working seniority, years			8.183^b	0.042*
	<5	1.66±0.47
	5–9	1.59±0.41
	10–19	1.61±0.50
	≥20	1.43±0.22
Duration of working in the frontline of the novel coronavirus, days			134.104^b	P<0.001
	1–9	1.49±0.32
	10–19	1.43±0.29
	20–29	1.50±0.42
	≥30	1.87±0.48
Case that had direct contact with COVID-19 patients or their body fluids and specimens			−6.375^a	P<0.001
	Yes	1.62±0.44
	No	1.35±0.26
Burnout case			−6.551^a	P<0.001
	Yes	1.67±0.46
	No	1.47±0.37

Notes: ^aZ value; ^bH value; **P<0.01; *P<0.05.

Abbreviations: GSI, Global Severity Index; COVID-19, the coronavirus disease 2019.

Table 6. Comparison of the Prevalence of Job Burnout in Different Populations (n=512)

Items	Groups	Burnout Case (N)		Prevalence of Job Burnout (%)	c^2	P value
		–	+
The nurses from temporary NAT sites in communities/towns in Zhangjiajie city					12.455	P<0.001
	Yes	58	140	70.7
	No	141	173	55.1
Gender					2.823	0.093
	Female	165	276	62.6
	Male	34	37	52.1
Age, years					26.324	P<0.001
	<25	33	26	44.1
	25–29	53	138	72.3
	30–34	55	95	63.3
	35–39	30	23	43.4
	≥40	28	31	52.5
Marital status					2.308	0.315
	Single	73	136	65.1
	Married	118	166	58.5
	Divorced	8	11	57.9
Educational attainment					10.208	0.006**
	Junior college	43	45	51.1
	Bachelor	123	235	65.6
	Master	33	33	50.0
Professional title					11.883	0.003**
	Junior	114	207	64.5
	Intermediate	58	90	60.8
	Senior	27	16	37.2
Working seniority, years					29.257	P<0.001
	<5	55	64	53.8
	5–9	53	155	74.5
	10–19	56	68	54.8
	≥20	35	26	42.6
Duration of working in the frontline of the novel coronavirus, days					178.687	P<0.001
	1–9	52	13	20.0
	10–19	109	54	33.1
	20–29	21	106	83.5
	≥30	17	140	89.2
Case that had direct contact with COVID-19 patients or their body fluids and specimens					66.269	P<0.001
	Yes	148	306	67.4
	No	51	7	12.1
The result of SCL-90					58.935	P<0.001
	Positive	143	116	44.8
	Negative	56	197	77.9

Note: **P<0.01.

Abbreviations: COVID-19, the coronavirus disease 2019; SCL-90, Symptom Checklist-90.

Table 7. Generalized Linear Model of the Factors Influencing GSI

Factors	Groups	B	SE	95% Wald CI		Wald c^2	P value
				Lower	Upper
The nurses from temporary NAT sites in communities/towns in Zhangjiajie city
	Yes	0.01	0.0213	−0.031	0.052	0.237	0.627
	No	Reference
Educational attainment
	Junior college	0.047	0.0402	−0.032	0.126	1.362	0.243
	Bachelor	0.037	0.0324	−0.026	0.101	1.311	0.252
	Master	Reference
Professional title
	Junior	−0.037	0.0535	−0.142	0.068	0.483	0.487
	Intermediate	0.007	0.0459	−0.083	0.097	0.025	0.875
	Senior	Reference
Case that had direct contact with COVID-19 patients or their body fluids and specimens
	Yes	0.133	0.0337	0.067	0.199	15.478	P<0.001
	No	Reference
Working seniority, years
	<5	0.133	0.048	0.039	0.227	7.636	0.006**
	5–9	0.096	0.045	0.008	0.184	4.555	0.033*
	10–19	0.078	0.0404	−0.001	0.158	3.767	0.052
	≥20	Reference
Duration of working in the frontline of the novel coronavirus, days
	1–9	−0.199	0.0353	−0.268	−0.13	31.773	P<0.001
	10–19	−0.251	0.0274	−0.305	−0.198	84.465	P<0.001
	20–29	−0.202	0.0261	−0.253	−0.15	59.789	P<0.001
	≥30	Reference
Burnout case
	Yes	−0.004	0.0263	−0.055	0.048	0.022	0.882
	No	Reference

Notes: **P<0.01; *P<0.05; The independent variables in the generalized linear model were coadded as follows: the nurses from temporary NAT sites in communities/towns in Zhangjiajie city (No=0, Yes=1), Educational attainment (Junior college=1, Bachelor=2, Master=3), Professional title (Junior=1, Intermediate=2, Senior=3), Case that had direct contact with COVID-19 patients or their body fluids and specimens (No=0, Yes=1), Working seniority (<5=1, 5–9=2, 10–19=3, ≥20=4), Duration of working in the frontline of the novel coronavirus (1–9=1, 10–19=2, 20–29=3, ≥30=4), Burnout case (No=0, Yes=1).

Abbreviations: GSI, Global Severity Index; CI, confidence interval; COVID-19, the coronavirus disease 2019.

Table 8. Risk Factors of Job Burnout by Binary Logistic Regression

Variable	Groups	B	S.E.	Wald	P value	OR (95% CI)
Case that had direct contact with COVID-19 patients or their body fluids and specimens
	Yes	5.017	0.619	65.701	P<0.001	150.95(44.87,507.77)
	No	Reference
Working seniority, years
	<5	0.014	0.499	0.001	0.978	1.01(0.38,2.7)
	5–9	2.187	0.464	22.172	P<0.001	8.91(3.59,22.14)
	10–19	0.174	0.495	0.123	0.726	1.19(0.45,3.14)
	≥20	Reference
Duration of working in the frontline of the novel coronavirus, days
	1–9	Reference
	10–19	0.966	0.406	5.664	0.017*	2.63(1.19,5.82)
	20–29	5.083	0.603	71.076	P<0.001	161.31(49.48,525.9)
	≥30	4.522	0.51	78.619	P<0.001	92.05(33.88,250.14)

Note: *P<0.05.

Abbreviations: OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.

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