Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Associated Anxiety, Fear and Preparedness Among Healthcare Students at University Teaching Hospital in KSA

Figures & data

Table 1 Grading of Depression, Anxiety, and Stress

Meaning	Depression	Anxiety	Stress
Normal	0–9	0–7	0–14
Mild	10–13	8–9	15–18
Moderate	14–20	10–14	19–25
Severe	21–27	15–19	26–33
Extremely severe	28+	20+	34+

Table 2 Characteristics of the Participants (N=616)

Variable	Variants	Frequency (n) Percentage (%)
Gender	Male	318 (51.7)
	Female	298 (48.3)
Age (in years)	20	135 (21.9)
	21–23	327 (53.1)
	>24	154 (25.0)
Faculty	Dental	179 (29.0)
	Medical	154 (25.0)
	Nurse	149 (24.2)
	Pharmacy	134 (21.8)
Level of education	5	108 (17.5)
	6	50 (8.1)
	7	100 (16.2)
	8	138 (22.4)
	9	27 (4.4)
	10	51 (8.3)
	11	97 (15.8)
	12	45 (7.3)

Figure 1 Physical symptoms and health status of the respondents.

Table 3 Demographic Information and Characteristics of the Respondents

	Stress	Anxiety	Depression
Scores Mean ± SD	2.31 ± 1.41	2.86 ± 1.64	2.60 ± 1.47
Normal	272 (44.2)	206 (33.4)	218 (35.4)
Mild	79 (12.8)	88 (14.3)	76 (12.3)
Moderate	103 (16.7)	74 (12)	146 (23.7)
Severe	90 (14.6)	77 (12.5)	73 (11.9)
Extremely severe	59 (9.6)	169 (27.4)	99 (16.1)

Table 4 Stress, Anxiety, and Depression in Association with Socio-Demographic Variables

Variable	N (%) (N=616)	Stress			Anxiety			Depression
		R^2	AR^2	B (95% CI)	R^2	AR^2	B (95% CI)	R^2	AR^2	B (95% CI)
Age
>24	154 (25%)	0.017	0.014	−0.100 (2.41–0.011)	0.015	0.012	0.006 (−1.07–1.22)	0.006	0.003	−0.026 (−1.57–0.919)
21–23	327 (53.1%)			1.67** (0.69–2.81)			1.20 (0.203–0.219)			0.092 (0.86–2.07)
20	135 (21.9%)			Ref.			Ref.			Ref.
Gender
Male	318 (51.7%)	0.103	0.101	0.320* (2.56–4.15)	0.058	0.056	0.240* (1.62–3.16)	0.085	0.083	0.291* (2.31–3.95)
Female	298 (48.3%)			Ref.			Ref.			Ref.
Faculty
Dental	179 (29.0%)	0.029	0.024	−0.189* (−3.28–1.05)	0.071	0.067	−0.326* (−4.61 −2.53)	0.053	0.049	−0.269* (−4.31–2.04)
Pharmacy	134 (21.8%)			−0.092 (−2.37–0.044)			−0.202* (−3.55 −2.53)			−0.175* (−3.50–1.06)
Nurses	149 (24.2%)			0.022 (0.021–0.921)			184* (1.05–3.23)			0.086 (0.57–0.110)
Medical	154 (25%)			Ref.			Ref.			Ref.
Education
12	45 (7.3%)	0.020	0.008	0.035 (−1.11–2.51)	0.053	0.042	0.116 (0.519–3.90)	0.035	0.024	0.076 (−2.86–3.40)
11	97 (15.8%)			−0.062 (−2.32–0.542)			−0.08 (−2.48–0.182)			−0.082 (−2.66–0.249)
10	51 (8.3%)			−0.039 (−2.47–0.993)			0.006 (−1.52 1.72)			0.005 (−1.67–1.86)
9	27 (4.4%)			−0.008 (−2.41–1.98)			−0.044 (−3.13 0.981)			−0.006 (−2.34–2.09)
8	138 (22.4%)			−0.071 (−2.23–0.427)			−0.099 (−2.41–0.040)			−0.041 (−1.86–0.810)
7	100 (16.2%)			1.32 (0.450–3.28)			1.61** (0.846–3.49)			1.59 (0.867–3.74)
6	50 (8.1%)			−0.080 (−3.35–0.218)			−0.109 (−3.67–0.357)			−0.059 (−2.98–0.627)
5	108 (17.5%)			Ref.			Ref.			Ref

Notes: *P-value<0.05. **P-value <0.01.

Abbreviations: B, beta; R2, R-squared; AR2, adjusted R-squared; CI, confidence interval.

Table 5 Stress, Anxiety, and Depression in Association with Physical Symptoms and Health Status

Variable	N (%) (N=616)	Stress			Anxiety			Depression
		R2	AR2	B (95% CI)	R2	AR2	B (95% CI)	R2	AR2	B (95% CI)
Symptoms
Yes	190 (30.8%)	0.009	0.008	−0.096 (−1.99–0.186)	0.012	0.010	−0.109 (−202–0.326)	0.011	0.010	−0.105 (−2.14 −0.307)
No	426 (69.2%)			Ref.			Ref.			Ref.
Close contact
Yes	325 (52.8%)	0.013	0.012	1.15* (0.373–2.04)	0.027	0.025	1.63* (0.844–2.40)	0.012	0.010	1.09 (0.320–2.02)
No	291 (47.2%)			Ref.			Ref.			Ref.
Diagnosed
Yes	121 (19.6%)	0.006	0.005	−0.0079 (−2.09–0.008)	0.012	0.010	−0.109 (−2.35–0.376)	0.003	0.001	−0.056 (−1.82–0.320)
No	495 (80.4%)			Ref.			Ref.			Ref.
Medical illness
Yes	67 (10.9%)	0.023	0.022	1.53* (1.23–3.88)	0.035	0.033	1.87* (1.74–4.23)	0.018	0.017	1.35* (0.982–3.71)
No	549 (89.1%)			Ref.			Ref.			Ref.
Exposure frequency
2–3 week	198 (32.1%)	0.022	0.017	0.049 (−1.16–2.26)	0.076	0.071	0.166 (0.323–3.22)	0.027	0.022	0.157 (0.161–3.43)
Weekly	278 (45.1%)			0.064 (−0.995–2.34)			0.209* (0.693–3.49)			0.214* (0.714–3.89)
Daily	85 (13.8%)			0.184* (0.856–4.67)			0.373* (3.73–7.02)			0.240* (1.88–5.57)
No exposure	55 (8.9%)			Ref.			Ref.			Ref.

Note: * P-value<0.05.

Abbreviations: B, beta; R2, R-squared; AR2, adjusted R-squared; CI, confidence interval.