The Psychological Impact of Quarantine During the COVID-19 Pandemic on Quarantined Non-Healthcare Workers, Quarantined Healthcare Workers, and Medical Staff at the Quarantine Facility in Saudi Arabia

Figures & data

Figure 1 Recruitment of study participants.

Table 1 Demographic and Clinical Characteristics of Study Participants During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Characteristics	Quarantined Non-Healthcare Workers^a	Quarantined Healthcare Workers^a	Medical Staff^b
	Total number (133) No. (%)^c	Total number (124) No. (%)^c	Total number (44) No. (%)^c
Gender (n = 301)
Male	96 (72.2)	46 (37.1)	32 (72.7)
Female	37 (27.8)	78 (62.9)	12 (27.3)
Age, y (n = 291)
18–39	103 (82.4)	88 (72.1)	32 (72.7)
40–65	22 (17.6)	34 (27.9)	12 (27.3)
Education (n = 292)
Student	81 (64.8)	18 (14.6)	0 (0.0)
Diploma	14 (11.2)	20 (16.3)	21 (47.7)
Bachelor	27 (21.6)	73 (59.3)	17 (38.6)
Master and above	3 (2.4)	12 (9.8)	6 (13.6)
Marital status (n = 290)
Single	65 (52.4)	29 (23.8)	12 (27.3)
Married	52 (41.9)	89 (73.0)	31 (70.5)
Divorced	7 (5.6)	2 (1.6)	1 (2.3)
Widowed	0 (0.0)	2 (1.6)	0 (0.0)
Nationality (n = 298)
Saudi	106 (82.8)	46 (37.1)	33 (75.0)
Non-Saudi	22 (17.2)	78 (62.9)	11 (25.0)
Monthly income, SAR (n = 292)
Low income <5000	82 (65.6)	26 (21.1)	0 (0.0)
Moderate income 5000–15,000	40 (32.0)	84 (68.3)	36 (81.8)
High income >15,000	3 (2.4)	13 (10.6)	8 (18.2)
Presence of chronic disease^d (n = 265)	32 (26.2)	15 (15.2)	8 (18.2)
Abnormal sleep duration^e (n = 265)	64 (52.5)	41 (41.4)	20 (45.5)
Presence of other relatives in the quarantine (n = 269)	44 (35.5)	12 (12.1)	5 (11.4)
Perceived COVID-19 stigma^f (n = 265)	71 (58.2)	50 (50.5)	23 (52.3)
Daily COVID-19 news following time (n = 265)
Less than 1 hour daily	91 (74.6)	69 (69.7)	26 (59.1)
1–3 hours daily	19 (15.6)	20 (20.2)	13 (29.5)
More than 3 hours daily	12 (9.8)	10 (10.1)	5 (11.4)

Notes: ^aThe non-healthcare workers and healthcare workers groups were quarantined for 14 days. ^bThe median working time of the medical staff group at the health quarantine was 70 days (interquartile range, 32.5–107.5) for 12 hours/day. ^cCategories might not add up to the total number due to missing data. ^dThe frequencies of these chronic diseases were 23 bronchial asthma, 19 diabetes mellitus, 11 hypertension, 3 hypothyroidism, 2 chronic sinusitis, 1 tuberculosis, 1 obesity, 1 sickle cell disease, and 1 valvular heart disease. ^eDaily sleeping for less than 7 hours or more than 9 hours is considered an abnormal sleep duration. ^fPerceived COVID-19 stigma was determined after answering this question “For you, do you feel that having COVID-19 disease might cause others to see you negatively?”.

Abbreviations: n, the number of those who answered the related variable question; No., number; y, years; SAR, Saudi Riyal; COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019.

Figure 2 Percentage of depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms among study participants.

Table 2 The Difference in DASS-21 Scores of Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Symptoms Among Study Participants

Psychological Symptoms	Depression, M (IQR)	Anxiety, M (IQR)	Stress, M (IQR)
Quarantined non-healthcare workers	10 (18)*	12 (20)*	12 (17)*
Quarantined healthcare workers	3 (9.50)	3 (9.50)	4 (10)
Medical staff	4 (7.50)	2 (6)	9 (16)
Kruskal–Wallis test	P < 0.001	P < 0.001	P < 0.001

Note: *Statistical significant result (P value <0.05) after post hoc analysis.

Abbreviations: M, median; IQR, Interquartile range.

Table 3 Multiple Logistic Regression^a of Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Symptoms Among Study Participants

Characteristics	Quarantined Non-Healthcare Workers		Quarantined Healthcare Workers		Medical Staff
	OR (95% CI)	P value	OR (95% CI)	P value	OR (95% CI)	P value
Depression
Gender (n = 301)
Male	1 [Ref.]	NA	1 [Ref.]	NA	1 [Ref.]	NA
Female	1.90 (0.79–4.56)	0.15	1.35 (0.51–3.56)	0.55	0.51 (0.02–11.17)	0.67
Presence of chronic disease (n = 265)
Yes	1.86 (0.76–4.53)	0.17	3.03 (0.87–10.56)	0.08	0.26 (0.02–3.06)	0.29
No	1 [Ref.]	NA	1 [Ref.]	NA	1 [Ref.]	NA
Sleep duration (n = 265)
Normal	1 [Ref.]	NA	1 [Ref.]	NA	1 [Ref.]	NA
Abnormal	1.96 (0.91–4.20)	0.09	2.11 (0.79–5.65)	0.14	2.92 (0.50–16.99)	0.23
The presence of other relatives in the quarantine (n = 269)
Yes	1.17 (0.52–2.62)	0.71	5.54 (1.38–22.29)	0.02	1.25 (0.06–26.02)	0.89
No	1 [Ref.]	NA	1 [Ref.]	NA	1 [Ref.]	NA
Perceived COVID-19 stigma (n = 265)
Yes	3.01 (1.38–6.60)	0.006	1.52 (0.55–4.21)	0.42	9.03 (0.85–96.25)	0.07
No	1 [Ref.]	NA	1 [Ref.]	NA	1 [Ref.]	NA
Anxiety
Gender (n = 301)
Male	1 [Ref.]	NA	1 [Ref.]	NA	1 [Ref.]	NA
Female	5.16 (1.75–15.26)	0.003	1.15 (0.44–2.99)	0.77	1.69 (0.10–27.55)	0.71
Presence of chronic disease (n = 265)
Yes	2.06 (0.78–5.44)	0.14	5.33 (1.49–19.06)	0.01	1.65 (0.24–11.10)	0.61
No	1 [Ref.]	NA	1 [Ref.]	NA	1 [Ref.]	NA
Sleep duration (n = 265)
Normal	1 [Ref.]	NA	1 [Ref.]	NA	1 [Ref.]	NA
Abnormal	1.68 (0.74–3.78)	0.21	1.23 (0.46–3.30)	0.69	1.89 (0.34–10.55)	0.47
The presence of other relatives in the quarantine (n = 269)
Yes	1.45 (0.61–3.46)	0.40	7.78 (1.78–34.13)	0.007	0.52 (0.02–12.85)	0.69
No	1 [Ref.]	NA	1 [Ref.]	NA	1 [Ref.]	NA
Perceived COVID-19 stigma (n = 265)
Yes	2.35 (1.02–5.40)	0.04	1.44 (0.53–3.94)	0.48	11.21 (0.83–151.69)	0.07
No	1 [Ref.]	NA	1 [Ref.]	NA	1 [Ref.]	NA
Stress
Gender (n = 301)
Male	1 [Ref.]	NA	1 [Ref.]	NA	1 [Ref.]	NA
Female	3.71 (1.51–9.09)	0.004	0.73 (0.26–2.06)	0.56	0.85 (0.08–9.03)	0.89
Presence of chronic disease (n = 265)
Yes	1.97 (0.81–4.79)	0.14	2.89 (0.82–10.21)	0.10	0.96 (0.14–6.87)	0.97
No	1 [Ref.]	NA	1 [Ref.]	NA	1 [Ref.]	NA
Sleep duration (n = 265)
Normal	1 [Ref.]	NA	1 [Ref.]	NA	1 [Ref.]	NA
Abnormal	2.68 (1.20–5.98)	0.02	1.53 (0.51–4.60)	0.45	3.05 (0.58–15.90)	0.19
The presence of other relatives in the quarantine (n = 269)
Yes	1.01 (0.44–2.30)	0.99	2.85 (0.72–11.29)	0.14	7.91 (0.62–100.53)	0.11
No	1 [Ref.]	NA	1 [Ref.]	NA	1 [Ref.]	NA
Perceived COVID-19 stigma (n = 265)
Yes	2.74 (1.18–6.35)	0.02	1.89 (0.61–5.87)	0.27	6.20 (0.89–43.15)	0.07
No	1 [Ref.]	NA	1 [Ref.]	NA	1 [Ref.]	NA

Note: ^aControlling for all other variables.

Abbreviations: n, the number of those who answered the related variable’s question; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; Ref., reference group; NA, not applicable; COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019.