The Perils of the Pandemic for the Tourism and Hospitality Industries: Envisaging the Combined Effect of COVID-19 Fear and Job Insecurity on Employees’ Job Performance in Pakistan

Figures & data

Figure 1 Conceptual framework.

Table 1 Demographic Characteristics

Items	Frequency (N=509)	(%)
Gender
Male	169	33.2
Female	340	66.8
Age
19–30	66	13
31–40	124	24.4
41–50	119	23.4
51–60	134	26.3
>60	66	13
Edu
Diploma/Intermediate	33	6.5
Bachelor	148	29.1
Master	176	34.6
MPhil/Others	152	29.9
Position
Receptionist	50	9.8
Low Level Manager	105	20.6
Middle Level Manager	149	29.3
Senior Level Manager	95	18.7
Executive Level	110	21.6
Salary
>25,000	50	9.8
25,000–50,000	179	35.2
50,001–75,000	138	27.1
>75,000	142	27.9

Table 2 Reliability & Validity Analysis

Construct	Items	Loading	α	CR	AVE
Covid 19 fear	CVF_1	0.751	0.896	0.895	0.550
	CVF_2	0.697
	CVF_3	0.758
	CVF_4	0.728
	CVF_5	0.709
	CVF_6	0.727
	CVF_7	0.814
Job Changes Insecurity	JCI_1	0.762	0.833	0.833	0.555
	JCI_2	0.719
	JCI_3	0.770
	JCI_4	0.728
Job Loss Insecurity	JLI_1	0.710	0.864	0.864	0.559
	JLI_2	0.760
	JLI_3	0.780
	JLI_4	0.766
	JLI_5	0.721
Covid Vaccine	CVVAC_1	0.701	0.892	0.888	0.502
	CVVAC_2	0.831
	CVVAC_3	0.682
	CVVAC_4	0.783
	CVVAC_5	0.539
	CVVAC_6	0.696
	CVVAC_7	0.571
	CVVAC_8	0.811
Job Performance	JP_1	0.740	0.868	0.868	0.524
	JP_2	0.682
	JP_3	0.774
	JP_4	0.722
	JP_5	0.725
	JP_6	0.698

Table 3 Discriminant Validity Analysis

Constructs	1	2	3	4	5
CVF	0.742
CVVAC	0.286	0.709
JCI	0.614	−0.145	0.745
JLI	0.620	−0.171	0.586	0.748
JP	−0.673	0.187	−0.69	−0.711	0.724

Table 4 Discriminant Validity Analysis (Cross-Loadings)

Constructs Items	CVF	CVVAC	JCI	JLI	JP
CVF_1	0.751	0.264	0.464	0.446	−0.522
CVF_2	0.697	0.197	0.422	0.428	−0.479
CVF_3	0.758	0.219	0.472	0.461	−0.513
CVF_4	0.728	0.246	0.474	0.439	−0.478
CVF_5	0.709	0.217	0.412	0.468	−0.472
CVF_6	0.727	0.168	0.413	0.466	−0.504
CVF_7	0.814	0.178	0.522	0.509	−0.526
CVVAC_1	0.202	0.701	−0.075	−0.110	0.131
CVVAC_2	0.182	0.831	−0.136	−0.125	0.156
CVVAC_3	0.194	0.682	−0.049	−0.169	0.128
CVVAC_4	0.190	0.783	−0.170	−0.127	0.147
CVVAC_5	0.231	0.539	−0.134	−0.101	0.101
CVVAC_6	0.224	0.696	−0.077	−0.113	0.130
CVVAC_7	0.215	0.571	−0.064	−0.109	0.107
CVVAC_8	0.213	0.811	−0.107	−0.119	0.152
JCI_1	0.471	−0.104	0.762	0.482	−0.523
JCI_2	0.452	−0.083	0.719	0.397	−0.487
JCI_3	0.475	−0.102	0.770	0.436	−0.529
JCI_4	0.430	−0.142	0.728	0.430	−0.517
JLI_1	0.415	−0.174	0.397	0.710	−0.527
JLI_2	0.492	−0.128	0.443	0.760	−0.522
JLI_3	0.481	−0.134	0.455	0.780	−0.557
JLI_4	0.507	−0.093	0.483	0.766	−0.516
JLI_5	0.418	−0.113	0.411	0.721	−0.539
JP_1	−0.479	0.105	−0.546	−0.549	0.740
JP_2	−0.474	0.159	−0.456	−0.455	0.682
JP_3	−0.525	0.146	−0.525	−0.552	0.774
JP_4	−0.498	0.154	−0.469	−0.508	0.722
JP_5	−0.489	0.151	−0.497	−0.507	0.725
JP_6	−0.459	0.101	−0.504	−0.515	0.698

Figure 2 Discriminant validity analysis.

Figure 3 Graphical representation of assessment of measurement model.

Table 5 Hypotheses Testing Direct Effect

Hypothesis	Direct Relationships	Std. Beta	Std. Error	T Values	P values
H1	CVF→JP	−0.335	0.108	3.098	**
H2	CVF→JCI	0.614	0.048	12.807	***
H3	CVF→JLI	0.620	0.047	13.154	***
H4	JCI→JP	−0.336	0.123	2.727	**
H5	JLI→JP	−0.329	0.110	2.976	**

Note: *Indicates significant paths: **p<0.01, ***p<0.001.

Table 6 Hypotheses Testing Mediation Effect

Hypothesis	Mediation/Indirect Relationships	Std. Beta	Std. Error	T Values	P values
H4a	CVF→JCI→JP	−0.206	0.08	2.566	**
H5a	CVF→JLI→JP	−0.204	0.073	2.794	**

Note: *Indicates significant paths: **p<0.01.

Table 7 Hypotheses Testing Interaction Effect

Hypothesis	Interaction Effects	Std. Beta	Std. Error	T Values	P values
H6	Interaction CVVAC*JCI→JP	0.330	0.134	2.463	0.014
H7	Interaction CVVAC*JLI→JP	0.299	0.119	2.518	0.012

Figure 4 Structural model graphical representation.

Table 8 Conditional Effects

	Level of the Moderator	Effects	Boot SE	LLCI	ULCI
H6	+1 Std Dev	−0.351***	0.047	−0.443	−0.259
	Mean	−0.644***	0.036	−0.714	−0.574
	−1 Std Dev	−0.937***	0.062	−1.058	−0.816
H7	+1 Std Dev	−0.396***	0.047	−0.489	−0.303
	Mean	−0.663***	0.035	−0.732	−0.594
	−1 Std Dev	−0.930***	0.061	−1.051	−0.810

Note: *Indicates significant paths: ***p<0.001.

Figure 5 Interaction effect results of CVVAC*JCI.

Figure 6 Interaction effect results of CVVAC*JLI.

Table 9 Values of Adjusted R², Q² and F²

Latent Variables	R^2Adj	Q^2	F^2
JCI	0.375	0.186
JLI	0.383	0.191
JP	0.763	0.351
CVF→JCI			0.604
CVF→JLI			0.625
CVF→JP			0.160
JCI→JP			0.162
JLI→JP			0.158
MoD CVVAC*JCI→JP			0.206
MoD CVVAC*JLI→JP			0.163

Figure 7 Graphical representation of R² & F².