The COVID-19 Pandemic and Overall Wellbeing: Mediating Role of Virtual Reality Fitness for Physical-Psychological Health and Physical Activity

Figures & data

Figure 1 Proposed relationship of the study variables.

Table 1 Distribution Statistics of the Questionnaire

Items	Frequency/Percentage
Total Questionnaire sent	2300(100.0%)
Received back	2300(100.0%)
Excluded	100(4.35%)
Included in the final analysis	2200(95.65%)

Table 2 Study Participant’s Background Information

Variables	Categorization	Frequency/Percentage
Gender	Male	1175(53.41%)
	Female	947(43.05%)
	Others	78(3.54%)
Age	19–20	549(24.95%)
	21–25	564(25.64%)
	26–30	450(20.45%)
	31–35	379(17.23%)
	36–40	121(5.5%)
	41+	137(6.23%)
Education	High School	407(18.5%)
	College Graduate	693(31.5%)
	University Graduate	1100(50.0%)
Occupation	Government Employees	183(8.32%)
	Self-employed	567(25.77%)
	Private Companies Employees	383(17.41%)
	Students	751(34.14%)
	No occupation, Retired	297(13.5%)
	Others	19(0.86%)
Marital Status	Single (unmarried)	993(45.14%)
	Cohabitant	75(3.41%)
	Married	925(42.04%)
	Divorced	108(4.91%)
	Widowed	55(2.5%)
	Separated	44(2.0%)
Cohabitation at home	Live alone	513(23.32%)
	Live with family	729(33.14%)
	Live with pets	579(26.32%)
	Others	379(17.22%)
Consciousness about COVID-19	Low	21(0.95%)
	Moderate	479(21.77%)
	High	1700(77.27%)

Table 3 Construct Validity and Reliability

Constructs/Items	F.L	CA	CR	AVE
C-19 P		0.966	0.975	0.907
C-19 P1	0.949
C-19 P2	0.952
C-19 P3	0.957
C19 P4	0.951
PM		0.892	0.917	0.649
PM1	0.750
PM2	0.772
PM3	0.807
PM4	0.836
PM5	0.840
PM6	0.823
OaW		0.850	0.893	0.627
OaW1	0.769
OaW2	0.836
OaW3	0.834
OaW4	0.814
OaW5	0.698
PE		0.867	0.904	0.652
PE1	0.795
PE2	0.832
PE3	0.759
PE4	0.848
PE5	0.802
PhyH		0.823	0.876	0.586
PhyH1	0.745
PhyH2	0.803
PhyH3	0.830
PhyH4	0.742
PhyH5	0.701
VrF		0.890	0.910	0.507
VrF1	0.653
VrF10	0.709
VrF2	0.691
VrF3	0.502
VrF4	0.754
VrF5	0.752
VrF6	0.810
VrF7	0.775
VrF8	0.700
VrF9	0.731
PsyH		0.959	0.967	0.830
PsyH1	0.878
PsyH2	0.892
PsyH3	0.936
PsyH4	0.903
PsyH5	0.925
PsyH6	0.930

Abbreviations: FL, factor loadings; CA, Cronbach’s Alpha; CR, composite reliability; AVE, average variance extracted; C-19 P, COVID-19 pandemic; PM, preventive measures; OaW, overall wellbeing; PE, physical exercise; PhyH, physical health; VrF, virtual reality fitness; PsyH, psychological health.

Figure 2 Factor loadings, path coefficient, and R-square result (PLS-Algorithm).

Table 4 Discriminant Validity: Fornell Larcker

Constructs	C-19 P	PM	OaW	PE	PhyH	VrF	PsyH
C-19 P	0.952
PM	0.032	0.806
OaW	−0.046	−0.388	0.792
PE	−0.015	−0.473	0.687	0.808
PhyH	−0.141	−0.493	0.549	0.587	0.766
VrF	0.007	−0.372	0.494	0.554	0.479	0.712
PsyH	0.567	0.110	−0.138	−0.094	−0.123	−0.047	0.911

Abbreviations: C-19 P, COVID-19 pandemic; PM, preventive measures; OaW, overall well-being; PE, physical exercise; PhyH, physical health; VrF, virtual reality fitness; PsyH, psychological health.

Table 5 Discriminant Validity (HTMT)

Constructs	C-19 P	PM	OaW	PE	PhyH	VrF	PsyH
C-19 P
PM	0.071
OaW	0.060	0.435
PE	0.039	0.527	0.803
PhyH	0.150	0.555	0.656	0.701
VrF	0.065	0.409	0.552	0.617	0.551
PsyH	0.586	0.118	0.155	0.105	0.133	0.075

Abbreviations: C-19 P, COVID-19 pandemic; PM, preventive measures; OaW, overall well-being; PE, physical exercise; PhyH, physical health; VrF, virtual reality fitness; PsyH, psychological health.

Table 6 Assessment of Structural Model

R^2	Endogenous Variables	R^2	R^2 Adjusted
	OaW	0.294	0.293	0.26: Substantial 0.13: Moderate 0.02: Weak^Citation31
	PE	0.390	0.389
	PhyH	0.362	0.361
	VrF	0.139	0.138
	PsyH	0.330	0.329
Predictive Relevance (Q^2)	Endogenous Variables	CCR	CCC
	OaW	0.177	0.437	A value larger than (0) indicates Predictive Relevance^Citation31
	PE	0.246	0.472
	PhyH	0.206	0.380
	VrF	0.068	0.405
	PsyH	0.271	0.756
Effect Size (F^2)	Exogenous Variables	OaW	PE	PhyH	VrF	PsyH
	C-19 P	0.002	0.000	0.027	0.000	0.475	0.26: Substantial 0.13: Medium effect 0.02: Small effect^Citation31
	PM	0.067	0.135	0.175	0.161	0.009
	VrF	0.202	0.273	0.162		0.001
Collinearity (Inner VIF)	Exogenous Variables	OaW	PE	PhyH	VrF	PsyH
	C-19 P	1.001	1.001	1.001	1.001	1.001	VIF ≤ 5.0^Citation31
	PM	1.162	1.162	1.162	1.001	1.162
	VrF	1.161	1.161	1.161		1.161

Abbreviations: C-19 P, COVID-19 pandemic; PM, preventive measures; OaW, overall well-being; PE, physical exercise; PhyH, physical health; VrF, virtual reality fitness; PsyH, psychological health.

Table 7 Path Coefficient (Direct Effect) Result

Hypothesis	OS/Beta	T values	P values	Decision
C-19 P -> OaW	−0.041	2.296	0.022	Significant
C-19 P -> PE	−0.008	0.492	0.623	Not Significant
C-19 P -> PhyH	−0.132	7.357	0.000	Significant
C-19 P -> PsyH	0.564	47.057	0.000	Significant
PM -> OaW	−0.235	8.191	0.000	Significant
PM -> PE	−0.309	11.266	0.000	Significant
PM -> PhyH	−0.360	12.003	0.000	Significant
PM -> PsyH	0.084	4.911	0.000	Significant

Abbreviations: C-19 P, COVID-19 pandemic; PM, preventive measures; OaW, overall well-being; PE, physical exercise; PhyH, physical health; VrF, virtual reality fitness; PsyH, psychological health.

Table 8 Mediation (Indirect Effect) Result

Hypotheses	OS/Beta	Lower Limit	Upper Limit	T values	P values	Decision	Mediation
C-19 P -> VrF -> OaW	0.008	−0.009	0.021	1.067	0.286	Not Significant	No Mediation
PM -> VrF ->OaW	−0.151	−0.187	−0.117	8.034	0.000	Significant	Partial
C-19 P -> VrF -> PE	0.008	−0.009	0.022	1.066	0.287	Not Significant	No Mediation
PM -> VrF -> PE	−0.164	−0.207	−0.128	8.102	0.000	Significant	Partial
C-19 P -> VrF -> PhyH	0.007	−0.007	0.018	1.064	0.288	Not Significant	No Mediation
PM -> VrF ->PhyH	−0.129	−0.166	−0.098	7.407	0.000	Significant	Partial
C-19 P -> VrF -> PsyH	0.000	−0.002	0.000	0.639	0.523	Not Significant	No Mediation
PM -> VrF-> PsyH	0.007	−0.006	0.021	1.077	0.282	Not Significant	No Mediation

Abbreviations: C-19 P, COVID-19 pandemic; PM, preventive measures; OaW, overall well-being; PE, physical exercise; PhyH, physical health; VrF, virtual reality fitness; PsyH, psychological health.

Figure 3 Bootstrapping results with inner model t-values.

Reese G, Stahlberg J, Menzel C. Digital Shinrin-Yoku: do nature experiences in virtual reality reduce stress and increase wellbeing as strongly as similar experiences in a physical forest? Virtual Real. 2022. doi:10.1007/s10055-022-00631-9

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