“No Pain No Gain”: Presenteeism Evaluation Through Calling with Job Crafting as a Sensemaking Strategy

Figures & data

Figure 1 Conceptual framework.

Table 1 Indicator Reliability, VIF, Composite Reliability, Cronbach’s Alpha, Average Variance Extracted

Construct	Item	Loading	Alpha	rho-A	CR	AVE
Living a calling	C1	0.446	0.832	0.846	0.870	0.430
	C2	0.685
	C3	0.731
	C4	0.684
	C5	0.618
	C6	0.700
	C7	0.651
	C8	0.734
	C9	0.604
Crafting structural job resources	JC1	0.765	0.804	0.813	0.864	0.562
	JC2	0.780
	JC3	0.797
	JC4	0.762
	JC5	0.632
Crafting challenge job demands	JC11	0.901	0.512	0.698	0.703	0.461
	JC13	0.455
	JC15	0.603
Crafting social job resources	JC6	0.792	0.458	0.472	0.736	0.486
	JC7	0.712
	JC8	0.570
Crafting hindering job demands	JC16	0.715	0.800	0.806	0.857	0.500
	JC17	0.756
	JC18	0.626
	JC19	0.720
	JC20	0.714
	JC21	0.706
Presenteeism	P1	0.701	0.735	0.745	0.819	0.433
	P2	0.514
	P3	0.716
	P4	0.707
	P5	0.653
	P6	0.632

Note: All factor loadings were significant at p < 0.01.

Abbreviations: CR, composite reliability; AVE, average variance extracted.

Table 2 Discriminant Validity - Fornell–Larcker Criterion and HTMT

	Construct	Mean	SD	1	2	3	4	5	6
1	Living a calling	3.651	0.714	(0.656)	0.391	0.211	0.443	0.403	0.502
2	Crafting structural job resources	3.321	0.873	0.334	(0.749)	0.477	0.781	0.740	0.578
3	Crafting challenge job demands	2.845	0.595	0.163	0.328	(0.679)	0.430	0.363	0.248
4	Crafting social job resources	3.388	0.653	0.283	0.472	0.195	(0.697)	0.754	0.605
5	Crafting hindering job demands	3.382	0.831	0.340	0.596	0.221	0.462	(0.707)	0.638
6	Presenteeism	3.403	0.675	0.404	0.443	0.145	0.354	0.496	(0.658)

Notes: N = 274. Diagonals in parenthesis under Fornell-Larcker Criterion represent the square root of average variance extracted (AVE); while below the diagonal the estimated correlations are represented. Above the diagonals are the HTMT values. All correlations are significant at 0.01 level. Bold values represent the square root of average variance extracted (AVE).

Table 3 Structural Model – Hypotheses Test Results

	Path	Path Coefficient	Bootstrap SE	t-value	P-value	95% CI		Result
						Lower	Upper
H1	Living a calling –> Presenteeism	0.233**	0.058	3.983	0.00	0.128	0.348	Supported
H2a	Living a calling –> Crafting structural job resources	0.334**	0.062	5.420	0.00	0.223	0.465	Supported
H2b	Living a calling –> Crafting challenging job demands	0.163*	0.084	1.951	0.05	−0.027	0.304	Supported
H2c	Living a calling –> Crafting social job resources	0.283**	0.062	4.587	0.00	0.177	0.421	Supported
H2d	Living a calling –> Crafting hindering job demands	0.340**	0.066	5.126	0.00	0.207	0.477	Supported
H3a	Crafting structural job resources –> Presenteeism	0.164**	0.055	2.995	0.00	0.050	0.264	Supported
H3b	Crafting challenging job demands –> Presenteeism	−0.026	0.058	0.447	0.66	−0.123	0.090	Not Supported
H3c	Crafting social job resources –> Presenteeism	0.084	0.067	1.258	0.21	−0.038	0.213	Not Supported
H3d	Crafting hindering job demands –> Presenteeism	0.286**	0.070	4.081	0.00	0.146	0.416	Supported
	Predictive Accuracy (R^2)	R^2 (Presenteeism)			0.335
		R^2 (Crafting structural job resources)			0.112
		R^2 (Crafting challenging job demands)			0.027
		R^2 (Crafting social job resources)			0.080
		R^2 (Crafting hindering job demands)			0.115
	Predictive Relevance (Q^2)	Q^2 (Presenteeism)			0.134
		Q^2 (Crafting structural job resources)			0.059
		Q^2 (Crafting challenging job demands)			0.010
		Q^2 (Crafting social job resources)			0.032
		Q^2 (Crafting hindering job demands)			0.055

Note: N = 274. *p < 0.05. **p < 0.01.

Abbreviation: CI, confidence interval.

Figure 2 Path-analytic model of the parallel mediating effects.

Note: *p < 0.05. **p < 0.01.

Table 4 Bootstrap Estimates of the Mediation Effect of Job Crafting for the Relationship Between Calling a Living and Presenteeism

	Path: IV –> MV –> DV	Product of Coefficients	Bootstrap SE	t-value	BC 95% CI		Results
		ab			Lower	Upper
H4a	Calling –> Crafting structural job resources –> Presenteeism	0.334*0.164 = 0.055*	0.022	2.458	0.018	0.102	Supported
H4b	Calling –> Crafting challenging job demands –> Presenteeism	0.163*-0.026 = −0.004	0.011	0.381	−0.028	0.016	Not Supported
H4c	Calling –> Crafting social job resources –> Presenteeism	0.283*0.084 = 0.024	0.021	1.123	−0.012	0.069	Not Supported
H4d	Calling –> Crafting hindering job demands –> Presenteeism	0.340*0.286 = 0.097**	0.032	3.041	0.045	0.168	Supported

Note: N = 274. *p < 0.05. **p < 0.01.