Psychotherapy and Follow-Up in Health Care Workers After the COVID-19 Epidemic: A Single Center’s Experience

Figures & data

Table 1 The Demographic Characteristic of All the Participants

Variables	HHCW (n=93)	LHCW (n=75)	χ^2	P-value
Gender (%)			3.835	0.050
Male	24 (25.8)	30 (40.0)
Female	69 (74.2)	45 (60.0)
Age (years) (%)			0.716	0.699
18–30	29 (31.2)	26 (34.7)
31–40	53 (57.0)	38 (50.7)
41–60	11 (11.8)	11 (14.7)
Education (%)			0.119	0.730
Bachelor	57 (61.3)	44 (58.7)
Postgraduate	36 (38.7)	31 (41.3)
Salary (*10,000 yuan,%)			7.551	0.023
3–8	15 (16.1)	22 (29.3)
8–15	56 (59.1)	29 (38.7)
More than 15	23 (24.7)	24 (32.0)
Marital (%)			3.195	0.202
Married	75 (80.6)	51 (68.9)
Single	17 (18.3)	21 (28.4)
Divorced	1 (1.1)	2 (2.7)
Profession (%)			17.579	0.000
Nurse	49 (52.7)	20 (26.7)
Doctor	41 (44.1)	41 (54.7)
Other stuff	3 (3.2)	14 (18.7)
Coping style (%)			1.615	0.204
Negative coping	36 (38.7)	22 (29.3)
Positive coping	57 (61.3)	53 (70.7)
Altruistic behaviors	33 (26, 42)	29 (20, 39)	5.514	0.019
Psychological resilience	64 (51, 74)	62 (51, 70)	1.382	0.240
Work risk (%)			0.066	0.968
Low risk	39 (41.9)	30 (40.0)
Moderate risk	37 (39.8)	31 (41.3)
High risk	17 (18.3)	14 (18.7)
Work stress (%)			0.438	0.803
Mild stress	34 (36.6)	28 (37.3)
Moderate stress	40 (43.0)	29 (38.7)
Severe stress	19 (20.4)	18 (24.0)
PTSD (%)			2.911	0.233
No symptoms	76 (81.7)	68 (90.7)
Mild	11 (10.8)	5 (6.7)
Severe	6 (7.5)	2 (2.7)
Anxiety (%)			2.170	0.538
No symptoms	67 (72.0)	61 (81.3)
Mild	17 (18.3)	11 (13.3)
Moderate	7 (7.5)	3 (4.0)
Severe	2 (2.2)	1 (1.3)
Depression (%)			5.372	0.147
No symptoms	61 (65.6)	61 (81.3)
Mild	22 (23.7)	10 (13.3)
Moderate	7 (7.5)	3 (4.0)
Severe	3 (3.2)	1 (1.3)
Insomnia (%)			2.221	0.528
No symptoms	69 (74.2)	61 (81.3)
Mild	19 (20.4)	12 (19.0)
Moderate	4 (4.3)	2 (2.7)
Severe	1 (1.1)	0 (0)

Abbreviation: PTSD, post-traumatic stress disorder.

Figure 1 The study area MAP.

Table 2 Severity of PTSD Were Compared Based on Non-Symptomatic, Mild/Moderate, and Severe Among the Subgroups

	No Symptoms	Mild or Moderate	Severe	χ^2	P-value
Gender (%)				7.029	0.030
Male	50 (34.7)	4 (25.0)	0 (0)
Female	94 (65.3)	12 (75.0)	8 (100)
Age (%)				2.331	0.675
18–30	45 (31.3)	7 (43.8)	3 (37.5)
31–40	81 (56.3)	7 (43.8)	3 (37.5)
41–60	18 (12.5)	2 (12.5)	2 (25.0)
Education (%)				5.106	0.078
Bachelor	82 (56.9)	12 (75.0)	7 (87.5)
Postgraduate	62 (43.1)	4 (25.0)	1 (12.5)
Salary (*10,000 yuan, %)				2.023	0.731
3–8	30 (20.8)	5 (31.3)	2 (25.0)
8–15	72 (50.0)	7 (43.8)	5 (62.5)
>15	42 (29.2)	4 (25.0)	1 (12.5)
Marital (%)				2.083	0.720
Married	109 (75.7)	11 (68.8)	7 (87.5)
Single	32 (22.2)	5 (31.3)	1 (12.5)
Divorced	3 (2.1)	0 (0)	0 (0)
Profession (%)				9.566	0.048
Nurse	53 (36.8)	10 (62.5)	6 (75.0)
Doctor	76 (52.8)	4 (25.0)	2 (25.0)
Other stuff	15 (10.4)	2 (12.5)	0 (0)
Exposure (%)				2.911	0.233
HHCW	76 (52.8)	11 (68.8)	6 (75.0)
LHCW	68 (47.2)	5 (31.3)	2 (25.0)
Coping style (%)				0.704	0.703
Negative coping	48 (33.3)	7 (43.8)	3 (37.5)
Positive coping	96 (66.7)	9 (56.3)	5 (62.5)
Altruistic behaviors	33 (24, 40)	33 (24.5, 35.5)	32.5 (20.5, 42)	0.028	0.986
Psychological resilience	64.5 (52, 74)	56 (47, 64)	54 (50.5, 63)	5.612	0.060
Work risk (%)	4 (2, 5)	5.5 (3, 7)	4 (3, 6)	4.678	0.096
Work stress (%)	4 (2, 6)	6 (5, 9)	6 (4, 7.5)	10.964	0.004

Table 3 Severity of Anxiety Were Compared Based on Non-Symptomatic, Mild/Moderate, and Severe in Among the Subgroups

	No Symptoms	Mild	Moderate	Severe	χ^2	P-value
Gender (%)					3.203	0.361
Male	43 (34.7)	9 (25.0)	2 (0)	0
Female	85 (65.3)	18 (75.0)	8 (100)	3
Age (%)					1.228	0.975
18–30	42 (32.8)	9 (33.3)	3 (30.0)	1 (33.3)
31–40	70 (54.7)	14 (51.9)	6 (60.0)	1 (33.3)
41–60	16 (12.5)	4 (14.8)	1 (10.0)	1 (33.3)
Education (%)					3.607	0.307
Bachelor	75 (58.6)	16 (59.3)	7 (70.0)	2 (100.0)
Postgraduate	53 (41.4)	11 (40.7)	3 (30.0)	0 (0)
Salary (*10,000 yuan, %)					3.359	0.783
3–8	28 (21.9)	7 (25.9)	1 (10.0)	1 (33.3)
8–15	63 (49.2)	15 (55.6)	5 (50.0)	1 (33.3)
>15	37 (28.9)	5 (18.5)	4 (40.0)	1 (33.3)
Marital (%)					2.985	0.814
Married	95 (74.2)	21 (77.8)	8 (80.0)	3 (100.0)
Single	31 (24.2)	5 (18.5)	2 (20.0)	0 (0)
Divorced	1 (1.6)	1 (3.7)	0 (0)	0 (0)
Profession (%)					8.521	0.202
Nurse	50 (39.1)	12 (44.4)	4 (40.0)	3 (100.0)
Doctor	67 (52.3)	10 (37.0)	5 (50.0)	0 (0)
Other stuff	11 (8.6)	5 (18.5)	1 (10.0)	0 (0)
Exposure (%)					2.170	0.538
HHCW	67 (52.3)	17 (63.0)	7 (70.0)	2 (66.7)
LHCW	61 (47.7)	10 (37.0)	3 (30.0)	1 (33.3)
Coping style (%)					0.274	0.971
Negative coping	48 (37.5)	10 (37.0)	3 (30.0)	1 (33.3)
Positive coping	80 (62.5)	17 (63.0)	7 (70.0)	2 (66.7)
Altruistic Behaviors	32 (24, 40)	33 (25, 37.5)	41 (32, 44)	44 (30.5, 46)	3.748	0.290
Psychological Resilience	65.5 (55, 75)	52 (48.5, 62)	51 (44, 59)	66 (54, 69)	18.374	0.000
Work risk (%)	4 (2, 5)	3 (3, 6)	5 (4, 6)	8 (6, 8.5)	5.913	0.116
Work stress (%)	4 (2, 6)	6 (4, 7)	6.5 (5, 9)	8 (6.5, 8.5)	15.871	0.001

Table 4 Severity of Depression Were Compared Based on Non-Symptomatic, Mild/Moderate, and Severe in Among the Subgroups

	No Symptoms	Mild	Moderate	Severe	χ^2	P value
Gender (%)					6.211	0.102
Male	42 (34.4)	11 (34.4)	1 (10.0)	0 (0)
Female	80 (65.6)	21 (65.6)	9 (90.0)	4 (100.0)
Age (%)					13.443	0.054
18–30	39 (32.0)	11 (34.4)	1 (10.0)	4 (100)
31–40	68 (55.7)	15 (46.9)	8 (80.0)	0 (0)
41–60	15 (12.3)	6 (18.8)	1 (10.0)	0 (0)
Education (%)					4.687	0.196
Bachelor	71 (58.2)	19 (59.4)	7 (70.0)	4 (100.0)
Postgraduate	51 (41.8)	13 (40.6)	3 (30.0)	0 (0)
Salary (*10,000 yuan, %)					5.199	0.500
3–8	30 (24.6)	4 (12.5)	1 (10.0)	2 (33.3)
8–15	58 (47.5)	18 (56.3)	6 (60.0)	2 (33.3)
>15	34 (27.9)	10 (31.3)	3 (30.0)	0 (33.3)
Marital (%)					2.469	0.872
Married	92 (75.4)	25 (78.1)	8 (80.0)	2 (50.0)
Single	28 (23.0)	6 (18.8)	2 (20.0)	2 (50.0)
Divorced	2 (1.6)	1 (3.1)	0 (0)	0 (0)
Profession (%)					8.405	0.210
Nurse	46 (37.7)	14 (43.8)	6 (60.0)	3 (75.0)
Doctor	65 (53.3)	14 (43.8)	3 (30.0)	0 (0)
Other stuff	11 (9.0)	4 (12.5)	1 (10.0)	1 (25.0)
Exposure (%)					5.372	0.147
HHCW	61 (50.0)	22 (68.8)	7 (70.0)	3 (75.0)
LHCW	61 (50.0)	10 (31.0)	3 (30.0)	1 (25.0)
Coping style (%)					1.136	0.768
Negative coping	44 (36.1)	14 (43.8)	3 (30.0)	1 (25.0)
Positive coping	78 (63.9)	18 (56.3)	7 (70.0)	3 (75.0)
Altruistic behaviors	32.5 (24, 40)	31.5 (24, 38.5)	36 (34, 44)	34 (22, 47.5)	3.548	0.315
Psychological resilience	65.5 (55, 75)	53.5 (47.5, 66.5)	52.5 (42, 57)	55 (50, 65.5)	17.903	0.000
Work risk (%)	4 (2, 5)	4 (3, 5.5)	5.5 (3, 6)	3.5 (1, 7)	2.175	0.537
Work stress (%)	4 (2, 6)	5 (4, 7)	7 (5, 8)	7 (2.5, 9)	11.989	0.007

Table 5 Severity of Insomnia Were Compared Based on Non-Symptomatic, Mild/Moderate, and Severe in Among the Subgroups

	No Symptoms	Mild	Moderate	Severe	χ^2	P value
Gender (%)					1.568	0.667
Male	42 (33.1)	10 (32.3)	2 (16.7)	0
Female	87 (66.9)	21 (67.7)	5 (83.3)	1 (100)
Age (%)					3.216	0.781
18–30	40 (30.8)	12 (38.7)	2 (33.3)	1 (100)
31–40	72 (55.4)	16 (51.6)	3 (50.0)	0 (0)
41–60	18 (13.8)	3 (9.7)	1 (16.7)	0 (0)
Education (%)					0.995	0.3944
Bachelor	76 (59.4)	19 (59.4)	5 (71.4)	1 (100.0)
Postgraduate	52 (40.6)	13 (40.6)	2 (28.6)	0 (0)
Salary (10,000 yuan, %)					3.217	0.781
3–8	27 (20.8)	8 (25.8)	2 (333)	0 (0)
8–15	68 (52.3)	13 (41.9)	2 (33.3)	1 (100)
>15	35 (26.9)	10 (32.3)	2 (33.3)	0 (0)
Marital (%)					4.840	0.565
Married	99 (76.2)	23 (75.0)	5 (83.3)	1 (100)
Single	28 (21.5)	8 (25.8)	2 (16.7)	0 (0)
Divorced	3 (12.3)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)
Profession (%)					6.469	0.373
Nurse	52 (40.0)	13 (41.9)	3 (50.0)	1 (100)
Doctor	67 (51.5)	12 (38.7)	3 (50.0)	0 (0)
Other stuff	11 (8.5)	6 (19.4)	0 (0)	0 (0)
Exposure (%)					2.221	0.528
HHCW	69 (53.1)	19 (61.3)	4 (66.7)	1 (100)
LHCW	61 (46.9)	12 (38.7)	2 (33.3)	0
Coping style (%)					1.072	0.851
Negative coping	43 (33.6)	12 (37.5)	3 (42.9)	0 (0)
Positive coping	85 (66.4)	20 (62.5)	4 (57.1)	1 (100)
Altruistic behaviors	32 (24, 40)	36 (26.5, 40)	30.5 (18, 44)		1.387	0.790
Psychological resilience	65 (53, 74)	55 (50, 65)	50.5 (46, 68)		8.501	0.037
Work risk (%)	3 (2, 5)	4 (3, 6)	5.5 (5, 7)		10.103	0.018
Work stress (%)	4 (2, 6)	6 (5, 7)	5 (6, 9)		17.219	0.001

Table 6 Logistic Regression Analysis for the Risk Factors Associated with Anxiety, Depression, Insomnia, and PTSD

	Anxiety		Depression		Insomnia		PTSD
	OR (95% CI)	P value	OR (95% CI)	P value	OR (95% CI)	P value	OR (95% CI)	P value
Psychological resilience	0.95 (0.93–0.98)	0.00	0.97 (0.95–0.99)	0.00	0.97 (0.95–1.0)	0.06
Work stress	2.13 (1.34–3.4)	0.00	2.05 (1.30–3.23)	0.00	1.98 (1.04–3.78)	0.04	3.00 (1.55–5.80)	0.00
Work risk					1.78 (0.95–3.34)	0.07
Gender							0.51 (0.13–1.94)	0.32
Profession							0.53 (0.22–1.28)	0.16

Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio; PTSD, post-traumatic stress disorder.

Table 7 Psychological Analysis Before and After Psychotherapy

	Before	After	X^2/Z	P value
Gender
Male	22	22
Female	36	36
Exposure
HHCW	32	32
LHCW	26	26
Anxiety (%)			9.640	0.022
No symptoms	28 (48.3)	44 (75.9)
Mild	18 (31.0)	9 (15.5)
Moderate	10 (17.2)	4 (6.9)
Severe	2 (3.4)	1 (1.7)
Depression (%)			11.345	0.010
No symptoms	27 (46.6)	44 (75.9)
Minor	17 (29.3)	7 (12.1)
Moderate	10 (17.2)	6 (10.3)
Severe	4 (6.9)	1 (1.7)
PTSD (%)			8.463	0.015
No symptoms	35 (60)	49 (84.5)
Mild	15 (25.9)	6 (10.3)
Severe	8 (13.8)	3 (5.2)
Insomnia (%)			9.483	0.024
No symptoms	33 (56.9)	47 (81.0)
Mild	18 (31.0)	9 (15.5)
Moderate	6 (10.3)	1 (1.7)
Severe	1 (1.7)	1 (1.7)
Psychological resilience	57 (50, 68)	57.5 (50, 70)	−0.036	0.971
Coping style (%)			5.375	0.020
Negative coping	27 (46.6)	15 (25.9)
Positive coping	31 (53.4)	43 (74.1)
Work risk	5 (3, 6)	3 (1, 4)	−4.090	0.000
Work stress	5 (4, 7)	4 (3, 5)	−3.234	0.001

Abbreviation: PTSD, post-traumatic stress disorder.