Burnout Among Saudi Radiological Sciences Undergraduate Students During COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Study

Figures & data

Table 1 Descriptive and Inferential Statistics of MBI-General Survey for Students MBI-GS (S)

MBI-GS (S) Scale /Item		Third Year RADs Students					Fourth year RADs Students
		Burnout Level (Mean ± SD)			P-value Male vs Female	Cronbach’s Alpha	Burnout Level (Mean ± SD)			P-value Male vs Female	Cronbach’s Alpha
		Total (n = 38)	Male (n = 25)	Female (n = 13)			Total (n = 58)	Male (n = 26)	Female (n = 32)
Exhaustion	SUM method	15.9± 7.2	17.0± 6.3	13.7± 8.6	0.18	-	19.3± 6.8	18.0± 6.5	20.3± 7.0	0.16	-
	AVE method	3.2± 0.2	3.4± 0.2	2.7± 0.3	0.18	-	3.9± 0.2	3.6± 0.3	4.1± 0.2	0.16	-
Item 1		3.0± 1.9	3.0± 1.9	3.1± 1.9	0.85	0.780	3.8± 1.6	3.5± 1.6	4.0± 1.6	0.3	0.853
Item 2		3.5± 1.8	3.7± 1.7	3.0± 1.8	0.26		4.0± 1.5	4.0± 1.6	3.8± 2.0	0.86
Item 3		3.1± 2.1	3.2± 2.0	2.8± 2.4	0.62		3.6± 2.0	3.3± 2.0	3.8± 2.0	0.27
Item 4		3.2± 2.0	3.6± 1.9	2.5± 2.0	0.09		4.2± 1.8	3.9± 1.9	4.4± 1.7	0.35
Item 6		3.1± 2.1	3.5± 2.2	2.4± 1.9	0.1		3.8± 1.7	3.4± 1.6	4.1± 1.7	0.14
Cynicism	SUM method	12.6± 7.0	13.8± 6.8	10.3± 7.1	0.15	-	14.8± 7.1	13.0± 6.0	16.3± 7.6	0.07	-
	AVE method	2.5± 0.9	2.8± 1.0	2.1± 0.9	0.15	-	3.0± 0.9	2.6± 1.0	3.3± 0.8	0.07	-
Item 8		2.0± 2.0	2.1± 2.2	1.9± 1.8	0.98	0.726	2.4± 2.1	1.9± 1.9	2.8± 2.1	0.1	0.756
Item 9		2.4± 2.1	2.2± 2.1	2.7± 2.2	0.52		2.8± 2.0	2.5± 2.0	3.1± 1.9	0.28
Item 13		4.1± 1.9	4.5± 1.8	3.2± 2.0	0.045		4.5± 1.8	4.3± 1.9	4.7± 1.7	0.67
Item 14		2.3± 2.1	2.9± 2.1	1.3± 2.1	0.044		2.7± 2.0	2.4± 2.0	3.0± 2.1	0.27
Item 15		1.8± 2.0	2.2± 2.0	1.2± 1.7	0.15		2.4± 2.0	1.8± 1.7	2.8± 2.2	0.09
Professional Efficacy	SUM method	24.0± 8.2	24.8± 6.4	22.5± 10.9	0.97	-	23.3± 8.3	26.1± 7.9	21.1± 8.0	0.007	-
	AVE method	4.0± 0.4	4.1± 0.3	3.7± 0.6	0.97	-	3.9± 0.3	4.3± 0.4	3.5± 0.3	0.007	-
Item 5		4.1± 1.8	4.2± 1.5	3.7± 2.2	0.65	0.825	3.8± 1.7	3.9± 1.5	3.3± 2.2	0.27	0.831
Item 7		3.6± 1.9	3.9± 1.8	3.1± 1.8	0.2		3.6± 1.8	4.2± 1.6	3.1± 1.8	0.01
Item 10		4.2± 1.9	4.2± 1.9	4.2± 2.0	0.92		4.1± 1.9	4.7± 1.8	3.7± 2.0	0.02
Item 11		4.4± 1.8	4.5± 1.7	4.3± 2.1	0.76		4.3± 2.0	4.7± 1.6	3.9± 2.2	0.15
Item 12		3.4± 2.0	3.7± 2.1	3.0± 1.9	0.31		3.6± 1.9	4.0± 1.9	3.3± 1.9	0.15
Item 16		4.2± 1.9	4.3± 1.7	4.2± 2.2	0.84		4.2± 1.7	4.7± 1.7	3.8± 1.6	0.03

Figure 1 Mean scores of burnout dimensions among radiological sciences undergraduate male and female Students.

Table 2 Categorization of MBI-GS Scores for Radiological Sciences Undergraduate Students

Domain		Number of Items	Calculation Methods	Max. Score	High	Moderate	Low
Exhaustion	Total students (n = 96; Male n = 51, Female n = 45)	5	Summation (SUM)	30	≥ 24	12.1–23.9	≤ 12
			Average (AVE)	6	≥ 4.8	2.5–4.7	≤ 2.4
Cynicism		5	Summation (SUM)	30	≥ 18	8.76–17.9	≤ 8.75
			Average (AVE)	6	≥ 3.6	1.76–3.5	≤ 1.75
Professional Efficacy		6	Summation (SUM)	36	≤ 19	19.1–29.9	≥ 30
			Average (AVE)	6	≤ 3.2	3.3–4.9	≥ 5
Exhaustion	Fourth year students (n = 58; Male n = 26, Female n = 32)	5	Summation (SUM)	30	≥ 24	13.25–23.9	≤ 13.25
			Average (AVE)	6	≥ 4.8	2.7–4.9	≤ 2.6
Cynicism		5	Summation (SUM)	30	≥ 19	10.1–18.9	≤ 10
			Average (AVE)	6	≥ 3.8	2.1–3.7	≤ 2
Professional Efficacy		6	Summation (SUM)	36	≤ 17.25	17.26–28.8	≥ 29
			Average (AVE)	6	≤ 2.8	2.9–4.7	≥ 4.8
Exhaustion	Third year students (n = 38; Male n = 25, Female n = 13)	5	Summation (SUM)	30	≥ 22.75	12.1–22.74	≤ 11
			Average (AVE)	6	≥ 4.6	2.3–4.5	≤ 2.2
Cynicism		5	Summation (SUM)	30	≥ 16	8–15	≤ 7.25
			Average (AVE)	6	≥ 3.2	1.6–3.1	≤ 1.4
Professional Efficacy		6	Summation (SUM)	36	≤ 21.25	22–29	≥ 30
			Summation (SUM)	30	≥ 22.75	12.1–22.74	≤ 11

Table 3 Interpretation of MBI-GS Subscale Scores for Radiological Sciences Undergraduate Students

Sub-Scale			Number (%)
			High	Moderate	Low
Exhaustion	All students	Total (N = 96)	25 (26)	43 (44.8)	28 (29.2)
		Male (N = 51)	9 (17.6)	27 (53)	15 (29.4)
		Female (N = 45)	16 (35.5)	16 (35.5)	13 (29)
Cynicism		Total (N = 96)	28 (29.2)	44 (45.8)	24 (25)
		Male (N = 51)	13 (25.5)	27 (52.9)	11 (21.6)
		Female (N = 45)	15 (33.3)	17 (37.8)	13 (28.9)
Professional Efficacy		Total (N = 96)	24 (25)	47 (49)	25 (26)
		Male (N = 51)	11 (21.6)	21 (41.2)	19 (37.2)
		Female (N = 45)	13 (28.9)	26 (57.8)	6 (13.3)
Exhaustion	Fourth year students	Total (N = 58)	17 (29.3)	26 (44.8)	15 (25.9)
		Male (N = 26)	4 (15.4)	14 (53.8)	8 (30.8)
		Female (N = 32)	13 (40.6)	12 (37.5)	7 (21.9)
Cynicism		Total (N = 58)	16 (27.6)	21 (36.2)	21 (36.2)
		Male (N = 26)	4 (15.4)	11 (42.3)	11 (42.3)
		Female (N = 32)	12 (37.5)	10 (31.25)	10 (31.25)
Professional Efficacy		Total (N = 58)	15 (25.9)	27 (46.5)	16 (27.6)
		Male (N = 26)	5 (19.2)	10 (38.5)	11 (42.3)
		Female (N = 32)	10 (31.3)	17 (53.1)	5 (15.6)
Exhaustion	Third year students	Total (N = 38)	10 (26.3)	16 (42.1)	12 (31.6)
		Male (N = 25)	7 (28)	14 (56)	4 (16)
		Female (N = 13)	3 (23.1)	2 (15.4)	8 (61.5)
Cynicism		Total (N = 38)	14 (36.8)	14 (36.8)	10 (26.4)
		Male (N = 25)	8 (32)	13 (52)	4 (16)
		Female (N = 13)	6 (46.1)	1 (7.8)	6 (46.1)
Professional Efficacy		Total (N = 38)	10 (26.3)	17 (44.7)	11 (29)
		Male (N = 25)	7 (28)	10 (40)	8 (32)
		Female (N = 13)	3 (23.1)	7 (53.8)	3 (23.1)

Table 4 Means (M) and Standard Deviations (SD) for the MBI-GS (S) Scales Using Method 2 (AVE) for Scoring

	Radiological Sciences (RADs) Students						*International Norms
	3rd Year			4th Year
MBI-GS (S) Scale	Exhaustion	Cynicism	Professional Efficacy	Exhaustion	Cynicism	Professional Efficacy	Exhaustion	Cynicism	Professional Efficacy
Number (n)	38			58			47,800	47,752	47,843
Mean (M)	3.2	2.5	4.0	3.9	3.0	3.9	2.26	1.74	4.34
Standard Deviation (SD)	0.2	0.9	0.4	0.2	0.9	0.3	1.47	1.36	1.17

Note: *The international databases combine data that several international scholars collected from 1996 to 2015 and are outlined in Maslach C.²⁶

Maslach C, Jackson SE, Leiter MP. Maslach Burnout Inventory Manual. 4th ed. Mind Garden, Inc.; 2018.

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