Determinants of Work-Related Stress Among Nurses Working in Private and Public Hospitals in Dessie City, 2021: Comparative Cross-Sectional Study

Figures & data

Table 1 Socio-Demographic Characteristics of Nurses Working in Private and Public Hospitals, Dessie City, Northeast Ethiopia, April 8 to May 7, 2021 (n = 304)

Variables	Categories	Private Hospitals (n = 151)		Public Hospitals (n = 153)
		Frequency	Percentage	Frequency	Percentage
Sex	Male	81	53.6	95	62.1
	Female	70	46.4	58	37.9
Age(years)	≤24	8	5.3	21	13.7
	25–29	61	40.4	47	30.7
	30–34	39	25.8	49	32
	≥35	43	28.5	36	23.5
Marital status	Single	73	48.3	52	34
	Married	74	49.0	99	64.7
	Widowed	2	1.3	2	1.3
	Divorced	2	1.3
Having children	Yes	71	49.7	87	56.9
	No	80	50.3	66	43.1
Number of children	≤2	42	54.7	67	78.8
	≥3	29	45.3	20	21.2
Level of education	Diploma	51	33.8	44	28.8
	Bachelor degree	100	66.2	102	66.7
	Masters			7	4.6
Monthly income (Ethiopian Birr)	<3000	8	5.3
	3000–6000	113	74.8	54	35.3
	6000–9000	29	19.2	80	52.3
	>9000	1	0.7	17	11.1

Table 2 Work Environment-Related Factors of Nurses Working in Private and Public Hospitals, Dessie City, Northeast Ethiopia, April 8 to May 7, 2021 (n = 304)

Variables	Categories	Private Hospitals (n = 151)		Public Hospitals (n = 153)
		Frequency	Percentage	Frequency	Percentage
Type of institution	Private	151	100
	Government			153	100
Working unit/ward	Medical ward	25	16.6	17	11.1
	Surgical ward	29	19.2	16	10.5
	Pediatrics ward	17	11.3	26	17.0
	Psychiatry ward	6	4.0	10	6.5
	Emergency	20	13.2	36	23.5
	Intensive care unit	14	9.3	25	16.3
	Operation room	15	9.9	7	4.6
	Outpatient department	22	14.6	13	8.5
	Others	3	2.0	3	2
Work shift	Fixed	49	32.5	144	94.1
	Rotating	102	67.5	9	5.9
Job position	Staff nurse	144	95.4	147	95.9
	Head nurse	2	1.3	4	2.6
	Matron Nurse	5	3.3	2	1.3
Working experience	<5 years	93	61.6	75	49.0
	5–10 years	46	30.5	56	36.6
	>10 years	12	7.9	22	14.4
Working hours per week	35–50 hours	84	55.6	123	81.5
	51–65 hours	58	38.4	22	14.6
	>65 hours	9	6	6	4
Job satisfaction	Yes	63	41.7	69	45.1
	No	88	58.3	84	54.9

Note: Others: gynecology/obstetrics ward and recovery ward.

Table 3 Substance Use Characteristics of Nurses Working in Private and Public Hospitals, Dessie City, Northeast Ethiopia, April 8 to May 7, 2021 (n = 304)

Items	Private Hospitals (n = 151)		Public Hospitals (n = 153)
	Yes	No	Yes	No
History of substance use from the listed in the life time	19(12.6%)	132(87.4%)	37(24.2%)	116 (75.8%)
History of alcohol drinking	18 (94.7%)	1 (5.3%)	29 (78.4%)	8 (21.6%)
History of chat chewing	4 (21%)	15(79%)	11(29.7%)	26 (70.3%)
History of cigarate smoking	1 (5.3%)	18 (94.7%)	2(5.4%)	35 (94.6%)
History of sedative	6 (31.6%)	13 (68.4%)	16 (43%)	21 (57%)
History of opioids		19 (100%)	1 (2.7%)	36 (97.3%)

Notes: n = 19 for private, and n = 37 for public for each substance list.

Figure 1 The overall magnitude of work-related stress among nurses working in private and public hospitals, Dessie city, Northeast Ethiopia, April 8 to May 7, 2021 (n = 304).

Figure 2 The magnitude of work-related stress among nurses in private and public hospitals, Dessie city, Northeast Ethiopia, April 8 to May 7, 2021 (n = 304).

Table 4 The Mean of Work-Related Stressors Among Nurses Working in Private and Public Hospitals, Dessie City, Northeast Ethiopia, April 8 to May 7, 2021 (n = 304)

Subscale	Items	Private Hospitals		Public Hospitals		Over all
		Mean	SD	Mean	SD	Mean	SD
Death and dying	7	3.02	0.61	3.23	0.64	3.18	0.70
Work load	9	2.80	0.53	2.80	0.93	2.82	0.79
Inadequate emotional preparation	3	1.97	0.80	2.45	0.91	2.21	0.90
Uncertainty concerning treatment	9	1.97	0.65	2.44	0.90	2.19	0.92
Conflict with physician	5	2.00	0.600	2.22	0.88	2.06	0.84
Patient and their family	8	1.87	0.65	2.25	0.77	2.05	0.80
Problems with supervisors	7	1.80	0.60	2.16	0.86	1.95	0.81
Problems with peers	6	1.62	0.58	1.99	0.87	1.78	0.79
Discrimination	3	1.24	0.58	1.96	1.09	1.59	0.96
Total	57

Abbreviation: SD, standard deviation.

Table 5 Determinants of Work-Related Stress Among Nurses Working in Private Hospitals, Dessie City, Northeast Ethiopia, April 8 to May 7, 2021 (n = 151)

Variables	Work-Related Stress		COR (95%)	AOR (95%)
	Yes	No
Sex	n (%)	n (%)
Female	37 (24.5)	33 (21.9)	1.63 (0.86,3.11)	1.07 (0.47,2.43)
Male	33 (21.9)	48 (31.8)	1	1
Level of education
BSc in nursing and above	39 (25.8)	61 (40.4)	0.41 (0.2,0.82)	0. 32 (0.13,0.76)*
Diploma in nursing	31 (20.5)	20 (13.2)	1	1
Having children
No	42 (27.8)	34 (22.5)	2.07 (1.08,3.98)	1.75(0.56,5.55)
Yes	28 (18.5)	47 (31.1)	1	1
Working unit
Surgical ward	13 (8.6)	16 (10.6)	1.73 (0.57,5.26)	1.28 (0.35,4.65)
Pediatrics ward	10 (6.6)	7 (4.6)	3.04 (0.84,10.92)	2.08 (0.45,9.71)
Emergency	11 (7.3)	9 (6.0)	2.59 (0.77,8.78)	1.58 (0.38,6.56)
ICU	8 (5.3)	6 (4)	2.83 (0.73,10.95)	3.45 (0.70,17.13)
Operation room	11 (7.3)	4 (2.6)	5.84 (1.41,24.17)	7.89 (1.46,9.60)*
Medical ward	5 (3.3)	17 (11.3)	0.63 (0.17,2.30)	0.48 (0.11,2.10)
Other	4 (2.7)	5 (3.3)	1.70 (0.36,8.09)	1.60 (0.22,11.61)
OPD	8 (5.3)	17 (11.3)	1	1
Age category
≥35 years	15 (9.9)	28 (18.5)	0.39 (0.18,0.85)	0.51 (0.10,2.70)
30–34 years	15 (9.9)	24 (15.9)	0.45 (0.20,1.01)	0.40 (0.10,1.53)
≤29 years	40 (26.5)	29 (19.2)	1	1
Work experience
>10 years	3 (1.9)	9 (6)	0.33 (0.83,1.28)	0.32 (0.40,2.77)
5–10 years	20 (13.2)	26 (17.2)	0.75 (0.37,1.53)	0.79 (0.22,2.80)
<5 years	47 (31.1)	46 (30.5)	1	1
Job satisfaction
No	31 (20.5)	57 (37.7)	2.99 (1.53,5.84))	4.95 (1.94,2.61)**
Yes	39 (25.8)	24 (15.9)	1	1
Monthly income(ETB)
≥6000	8 (5.3)	22 (14.6)	0.35 (0.14,0.84)	0.38 (0.10,1.15)
<6000	62 (41.1)	59 (39.1)	1	1

Notes: 1- Reference category, *P < 0.05, **P ≤ 0.001. Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness of fit test (p = 0.531).

Abbreviations: COR, Crude Odds Ratio; AOR, Adjusted Odds Ratio; ICU, Intensive care unit; OPD, Outpatient department; ETB, Ethiopian birr; BSc, Bachelor of science.

Table 6 Determinants of Work-Related Stress Among Nurses Working in Public Hospitals, Dessie City, Northeast Ethiopia, April 8 to May 7, 2021 (N = 153)

Variables	Work Related Stress		COR (95.0%)	AOR (95%)
	Yes	No
Sex	N (%)	N (%)
Female	38(24.8%)	20 (13.1%)	2.50 (1.27,4.92)	3.15 (1.43,6.92)**
Male	41(26.8%)	54 (35.3%)	1	1
Work experience
>10 years	12 (7.8%)	10 (6.5%)	0.89 (0.34,2.32)	1.06 (0.35, 3.24)
5–10 years	24 (15.7%)	32 (20.9%)	0.56 (0.28,1.12)	0.42 (0.18,0.97)*
<5 years	43 (28.1%)	32 (20.9%)	1	1
Working hour spent per week
≥50	17 (11.1%)	11 (7.2%)	1.57 (0.68,3.62)	2.55 (0.88,7.38)
<50	62 (40.5%)	63 (41.2%)	1	1
Level of education
BSc and above	51 (33.3%)	58 (37.9%)	0.50 (0.24,1.03)	0.41 (0.17,0.99)*
Diploma	28 (18.3%)	16 (10.5%)	1	1
Working unit
Surgical	7 (4.6%)	9 (5.9)	1.43 (0.35,5.79)	2.09 (0.39,10.58)
Pediatric	16 (10.5%)	10 (6.5%)	2.93 (0.82,10.45)	3.41 (0.82,10.44)
Emergency	22 (14.4%)	14 (9.2%)	2.88 (0.87,9.56)	2.69 (0.71,10.22)
ICU	18 (11.8%)	7 (4.6%)	4.71 (1.26,17.71)	6.48 (1.49, 8.18)*
Medical	5 (3.3%)	8 (5.2%)	1.15 (0.26,5.12)	0.47 (0.08,2.67)
Other	5 (3.3%)	15 (9.8%)	0.61 (0.14,2.52)	0.41 (0.08,2.08)
OPD	6 (3.9%)	11 (7.2%)	1	1

Notes: 1- Reference, *(P < 0.05), **(P ≤ 0.001). Hosmer - Lemeshow goodness of fit test (p= 0.35).

Abbreviations: COR, Crude Odds Ratio; AOD, Adjusted odds ratio; ICU, intensive care unit; OPD, Outpatient department; BSc, Bachelor of science.

Table 7 Overall Determinants of Work-Related Stress Among Nurses Working in Private and Public Hospitals, Dessie City, Northeast Ethiopia, April 8 to May 7, 2021 (n = 304)

Predicating Variables	Work Related Stress		COR (95.0%)	AOR (95%)
	Yes	No
Sex	N (%)	N (%)
Female	73 (24.0)	55 (18.1)	1.82 (1.15,2.89)	1.87 (1.06,3.31)*
Male	74 (24.3)	102 (33.6)	1	1
Type of institution
Government	96 (31.6)	58 (19.1)	3.21 (2.00,5.14)	4.06 (1.79,9.21)*
Private	51 (16.8)	99 (32.6)	1	1
Work shift
Rotating	37 (12.2)	74 (24.3)	0.37 (0.23,0.61)	0.50 (0.24,1.05)
Fixed	110 (36.2)	83 (27.3)	1	1
Working unit
Surgical ward	20 (6.6)	25 (8.2)	2.00 (0.82,4.88)	2.24 (0.81,6.21)
Pediatrics ward	25 (8.2)	18 (5.9)	3.47 (1.41,8.57)	3.31 (0.17,9.35)
Psychiatry ward	5 (1.6)	11 (3.6)	1.14 (0.33,3.97)	0.85 (0.21,3.48)
Emergency	32 (10.5)	24 (7.9)	3.33 (1.42,7.83)	2.29 (0.85,6.19)
ICU	27 (8.9)	12 (3.9)	5.62 (2.17,14.61)	5.24 (1.69, 6.28)*
Operation room (OR)	13 (4.3)	9 (3.0)	3.61 (1.22,10.65)	3.71 (1.07,13.01)*
Medical ward	10 (3.3)	25 (8.2)	1.00 (0.37,2.69)	0.84 (0.26,2.63)
Other	2 (0.7)	4 (1.3)	2.50 (0.44,14.17)	2.44 (0.33,18.07)
OPD	12 (3.9)	30 (9.9)	1	1
Age
≥35	41 (13.5)	38 (12.5)	0.48 (0.19,1.19)	1.08 (0.29,3.97)
30–34	34 (11.2)	54 (17.8)	0.28 (0.12,0.69)	0.51 (0.15,1.67)
25–29	52 (17.1)	56 (18.4)	0.41 (0.18,1.00)	0.90 (0.31,2.62)
≤24	20 (6.6)	9 (3.0)	1	1
Work experience
>10	23 (7.6)	14 (4.6)	1.58 (0.76,3.29)	0.89 (0.29,2.72)
5–10	43 (14.1)	65 (21.4)	0.64 (0.39,1.05)	0.40 (0.19,0.83)*
<5	81 (26.6)	78 (25.7)	1	1
Job satisfaction
No	67 (22.0)	88 (28.9)	1.52 (0.97,2.39)	1.76 (0.99,3.13)
Yes	80 (26.3)	69 (22.7)	1	1
Monthly income
>9000	14 (4.6)	3 (1.0)	8.17 (1.42,47.02)	2.13 (0.25,18.00)
6000–9000	51 (16.8)	56 (18.4)	1.59 (0.44,5.77)	1.08 (0.20,5.57)
3000–6000	78 (25.7)	91 (29.9)	1.50 (0.42,5.32)	1.60 (0.33,7.71)
<3000	4 (1.3)	7 (2.3)	1	1
Hours spent per week
>65	10 (3.3)	4 (1.4)	2.68 (0.81,8.80)	3.85 (0.96,15.43)
51–65	35 (11.6)	45 (15.0)	0.83 (0.49,1.39)	1.62 (0.84,3.11)
35–50	100 (33.2)	107 (35.5)	1	1

Notes: 1=Reference. *Significant at p-value <0.05. Hosmer and Lemeshow goodness of fit test = 0.608.

Abbreviations: COR, Crude Odds Ratio; AOD, Adjusted odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.