“Time is My Own Treasure”: Parental Autonomy Support and Academic Procrastination Among Chinese Adolescents

Figures & data

Figure 1 Hypothetical model diagram of the relationship between perceived parental autonomy support and academic procrastination.

Figure 2 Statistical diagram of PROCESS model 6.

Notes: The mediating effect of M₁ = a₁*b₁. The mediating effect of M₂ = a₂*b₂. The chain mediating effect of M₁ and M₂ = a₁*d₂₁*b₂. The direct effect of X on Y = c’. The total effect of X on Y = a₁*b₁ + a₂*b₂ + a₁*d₂₁*b₂ + c’.

Table 1 Descriptive Statistics and Correlations for the Main Variables

	M ± SD	PPAS	AM	TMD	AP
PPAS	3.62 ± 0.96	1
AM	3.43 ± 0.99	0.34***	1
TMD	3.74 ± 0.67	0.50***	0.61***	1
AP	2.24 ± 0.87	−0.43***	−0.52***	−0.75***	1
Gender	0.53 ± 0.50	0.04	0.07	0.11**	−0.05
Age	12.66 ± 0.67	0.04	−0.10*	−0.06	0.06
Skewness		−0.54	−0.33	−0.43	0.58
Kurtosis		−0.37	−0.42	0.31	−0.30

Notes: N = 662. For gender, 1 = male, 0 = female. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001.

Abbreviations: PPAS, perceived parental autonomy support; AM, autonomous motivation; TMD, time management disposition; AP, academic procrastination. M, mean; SD, standard deviation.

Table 2 Regression Analysis of the Relationship Between Variables

Regression Equation		Overall Fit Index			Significance of Regression Coefficients
Outcome variable	Predictor variable	R	R^2	F	β	t
AP	Gender	0.44	0.20	53.37***	−0.04	−1.08
	Age				0.08	2.38*
	PPAS				−0.44	−12.43***
AM	Gender	0.36	0.13	32.62***	0.07	1.89
	Age				−0.11	−3.15**
	PPAS				0.34	9.27***
TMD	Gender	0.69	0.47	147.59***	0.06	2.13*
	Age				−0.03	−1.14
	PPAS				0.33	10.88***
	AM				0.49	16.28***
AP	Gender	0.76	0.57	176.13***	0.03	1.18
	Age				0.01	0.55
	PPAS				−0.08	−2.69**
	AM				−0.10	−2.97**
	TMD				−0.65	−18.58***

Notes: N = 662. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001.

Abbreviations: PPAS, perceived parental autonomy support; AM, autonomous motivation; TMD, time management disposition; AP, academic procrastination. R, multiple correlation coefficient; R², determinate coefficient; F, F-test; β, standardized coefficient; t, t-test.

Table 3 Mediating Effect Analysis

Route	Indirect Effect	Boot SE	Bootstrap 95% CI	Ratio of Indirect to Total Effect
Total	−0.32	0.03	(−0.38, −0.26)	81.77%
PPAS→AM→AP	−0.03	0.01	(−0.05, −0.01)	7.45%
PPAS→TMD→AP	−0.19	0.02	(−0.24, −0.15)	49.25%
PPAS→AM→TMD→AP	−0.10	0.01	(−0.13, −0.07)	25.04%

Abbreviations: PPAS, perceived parental autonomy support; AM, autonomous motivation; TMD, time management disposition; AP, academic procrastination. Boot SE, estimated standard error through the bootstrap method; Bootstrap 95% CI, the 95% confidence interval through the bootstrap method.

Figure 3 Paths for how perceived parental autonomy support predicts academic procrastination.

Notes: The numbers represent standardized regression coefficients (β). **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001.