Effect of Perceived Fear, Quality, and Self-Determination on Learners’ Retention Intention on MOOCs

Figures & data

Figure 1 Research model.

Table 1 Construct Reliability and Validity

	Item Loading	Cronbach’s Alpha	rho_A	Composite Reliability	Average Variance Extracted (AVE)
Content Quality	0.716–0.863	0.788	0.743	0.825	0.617
Confirmation	0.829–0.804	0.853	0.855	0.901	0.694
External Regulations	0.829–0.824	0.830	0.838	0.898	0.746
Intention to Recommend	0.785–0.862	0.777	0.783	0.871	0.692
Identified Regulations	0.717–0.841	0.775	0.776	0.869	0.689
Integrated Regulations	0.852–0.856	0.817	0.819	0.891	0.732
Perceived Usefulness	0.811–0.850	0.857	0.861	0.904	0.701
Retention Intention	0.885–0.894	0.880	0.881	0.926	0.807
Introjected Regulations	0.740–0.843	0.726	0.735	0.846	0.648
System Quality	0.817–0.842	0.768	0.768	0.866	0.683
Satisfaction	0.882–0.902	0.875	0.875	0.923	0.800
Service Quality	0.818–0.824	0.771	0.774	0.867	0.685
Perceived Fear	0.885–0.824	0.812	0.771	0.807	0.781

Table 2 Fornell-Larcker Criterion

	CQ	Con	ER	Int.R	IdentR	InteR	PU	Re.Int	IR	SQ	Sat	SrQ	PF
CQ	0.785
Con	0.606	0.833
ER	0.670	0.548	0.864
Int.R	0.673	0.626	0.629	0.832
IdentR	0.676	0.617	0.406	0.786	0.830
InteR	0.603	0.553	0.529	0.679	0.716	0.856
PU	0.679	0.640	0.340	0.420	0.713	0.663	0.837
Re.Int	0.639	0.502	0.561	0.507	0.723	0.652	0.829	0.898
IR	0.583	0.622	0.548	0.313	0.681	0.536	0.651	0.679	0.805
SQ	0.659	0.518	0.545	0.209	0.554	0.404	0.511	0.448	0.464	0.826
Sat	0.572	0.673	0.683	0.325	0.674	0.666	0.776	0.772	0.533	0.416	0.895
SrQ	0.563	0.542	0.581	0.415	0.698	0.618	0.613	0.495	0.516	0.535	0.541	0.828
PF	0.542	0.456	0.432	0.342	0.432	0.546	0.432	0.234	0.435	0.565	0.421	0.543	0.802

Abbreviations: CQ, Content Quality; Con, Confirmation; ER, External Regulations; Int.R, Intention to Recommend; IdentR, Identified Regulations; InteR, Integrated Regulations; PU, Perceived Usefulness; Re.Int, Retention Intention; IR, Introjected Regulations; SQ, System Quality; SAT, Satisfaction; SrQ, Service Quality; PF, Perceived Fear.

Table 3 Heterotrait–Monotrait Ratio (HTMT)

	CQ	Con	ER	Int.R	IdentR	InteR	PU	Re.Int	IR	SQ	Sat	SrQ
CQ
Con	0.579
ER	0.365	0.650
Int.R	0.670	0.764	0.779
IdentR	0.760	0.755	0.872	0.675
InteR	0.769	0.658	0.755	0.765	0.643
PU	0.754	0.800	0.765	0.798	0.612	0.790
Re.Int	0.802	0.785	0.759	0.546	0.732	0.765	0.643
IR	0.818	0.784	0.696	0.807	0.712	0.679	0.621	0.632
SQ	0.797	0.639	0.687	0.661	0.717	0.505	0.630	0.544	0.618
Sat	0.721	0.777	0.798	0.757	0.818	0.785	0.754	0.654	0.666	0.507
SrQ	0.794	0.665	0.721	0.560	0.821	0.775	0.750	0.595	0.676	0.696	0.656
PF	0.657	0.465	0.675	0.435	0.387	0.584	0.432	0.563	0.456	0.675	0.541	0.452

Abbreviations: CQ, Content Quality; Con, Confirmation; ER, External Regulations; Int.R, Intention to Recommend; IdentR, Identified Regulations; InteR, Integrated Regulations; PU, Perceived Usefulness; Re.Int, Retention Intention; IR, Introjected Regulations; SQ, System Quality; SAT, Satisfaction; SrQ, Service Quality; PF, Perceived Fear.

Table 4 Hypothesis Testing

Path	Hp.	β	t-Statistics	p-value
CQ -> PU	H2	0.406	6.314	0.000**
Con -> Re.Int	H9	0.292	5.630	0.000**
Con -> Sat	H8	0.204	4.377	0.000**
ER -> Sat	H4	0.064	1.017	0.345
IR -> Sat	H5	−0.060	1.013	0.311
IdentR -> Sat	H6	0.126	2.154	0.031*
InteR -> Sat	H7	0.189	3.661	0.000**
PU -> Re.Int	H12	0.275	5.144	0.000**
PU -> Sat	H11	0.392	6.345	0.000**
Re.Int -> Int.R	H13	0.097	2.485	0.013*
PF -> Re.Int	H14	0.295	4.878	0.000**
SQ -> PU	H1	0.094	2.555	0.012*
SAT -> Re.Int	H10	0.223	5.629	0.000**
SrQ -> PU	H3	0.312	5.830	0.000**

Notes: Adjusted R² for Re.Int = 0.802, Adjusted R² for SAT = 0.639 and Adjusted R² for PU= 0.562. *Significant at p < 0.05; **significant at p < 0.01.

Abbreviations: CQ, Content Quality; PU, Perceived Usefulness; Con, Confirmation; SAT, Satisfaction; ER, External Regulations; IR, Introjected Regulations; IdentR, Identified Regulations; InteR, Integrated Regulations; Re.Int, Retention Intention; Int.R, Intention to Recommend; PF, Perceived Fear; SQ, System Quality; SrQ, Service Quality.

Figure 2 IPMA for quality factors on learners’ perceived usefulness.

Figure 3 IPMA for motivational factors on learners satisfaction.

Figure 4 IPMA for learners’ retention intention on MOOCs.