Psychological Empowerment and Job Stress in Higher Education Institutions in Ecuador

Figures & data

Figure 1 Structural model.

Abbreviations: ORQ, occupational roles questionnaire; PSQ, personal stress questionnaire; PRQ, personal resources questionnaire.

Table 1 Spreitzer’s Psychological Empowerment Scale

Statement	Punctuation
Meaning
1. I am confident about my ability to do my job	1	2	3	4	5	6	7
2. My work activities are personally valuable	1	2	3	4	5	6	7
3. I have significant autonomy to determine how I do my job	1	2	3	4	5	6	7
Competence
4. My impact on what happens in my department is large	1	2	3	4	5	6	7
5. My job activities are personally significant to me	1	2	3	4	5	6	7
6. I have a great deal of control over what happens in my department	1	2	3	4	5	6	7
Self-determination
7. I can decide by myself how to go about doing my work	1	2	3	4	5	6	7
8. I have a significant possibility for independence and freedom in how I do my job	1	2	3	4	5	6	7
9. I have mastered the necessary skills to do my job	1	2	3	4	5	6	7
Impact
10. The work I do is meaningful to me	1	2	3	4	5	6	7
11. I have significant influence over what happens in my department.	1	2	3	4	5	6	7
12. I am self-assured about my capabilities to perform my work activities	1	2	3	4	5	6	7

Note: Listed below, there are several self-orientations that people may have regarding their jobs. Using the following scale, please indicate the extent where you agree or disagree with each one describes your self-orientation. 1= Very strongly disagree, 2= Strongly disagree, 3=Disagree, 4= Neutral, 5= Agree, 6= Strongly agree, 7= Very strongly Agree.

Table 2 Reliability of the Scales of Each Latent Variable

Construct	Composite Reliability Index	Number of Items
Psychological empowerment
Meaning	0.96	3
Competence	0.95	3
Self-determination	0.94	3
Impact	0.74	3
Job stress	0.73	14
Roles occupations	0.70	6
Personal stress	0.78	4
Personal resources	0.70	4

Table 3 Convergent Validity of Subconstructs and Items

Subconstructs and Items	Standardised Parameter	AVE
Psychological empowerment
Meaning		0.902
Meaning 3	0.951
Meaning 2	0.961
Meaning 1	0.931
Competence		0.874
Competence 3	0.943
Competence 2	0.968
Competence 1	0.943
Self-determination		0.847
Self-determination 3	0.910
Self-determination 2	0.931
Self-determination 1	0.920
Impact		0.520
Impact 3	0.544
Impact 2	0.528
Impact 1	0.992
Job stress		0.591
Occupational roles		0.574
PE	0.763
R	0.533
RB	0.581
RA	0.599
RI	0.508
OR	0.546
Personal stress		0.570
PHS	0.760
IS	0.60
PSY	0.739
VS	0.636
Personal resources		0.552
RC	0.430
SC	0.610
SS	0.514
RE	0.824

Abbreviations: PE, physical environment; R, role responsibility; RB, role boundaries; RA, role ambiguity; RI, role insufficiency; OR, occupational overload; PHS, physical stress; IS, interpersonal stress; PSY, psychological stress; VS, vocational stress; RC, radiation/cognitive coping; SC, self-care; SS, social support; RE, recreation.

Table 4 Discriminant Validity Analysis

Exogenous Variables	Job Stress	Meaning	Competence	Self-Determination	Impact
Job stress
Meaning	0.153
Competence	0.433	0.656
Self-determination	0.164	0.505	0.487
Impact	0.105	0.619	0.698	0.540
AVE	0.591	0.902	0.874	0.847	0.520

Abbreviation: AVE, average variance extract.

Table 5 VIF Values of the Exogenous and Endogenous Variables

Exogenous Variables	VIF
Impact	2.206
Competence	2.922
Self-determination	1.515
Meaning	2.516

Abbreviation: VIF, variance inflation factor.

Table 6 Regression Parameters of the Structural Model

Relationships Between Latent Variables			Regression Coefficient	p-value
Job stress	<---	Meaning	−0.072	0.500
Job stress	<---	Competence	−0.070	0.670
Job stress	<---	Self-determination	−0.124	0.033
Job stress	<---	Impact	0.055	0.622