Spiritual Well-Being, Depression, Anxiety, and Stress in Indonesian Muslim Communities During COVID-19

Figures & data

Table 1 Participants Demographics

Demographic Items	Frequency	(%)
Gender
Male	213	39.59
Female	325	60.41
Age
Under 26 years old	217	40.33
26~40 years old	267	49.63
41~55 years old	54	10.04
Area
East Kalimantan	169	31.41
East Java	158	29.37
West Kalimantan	211	39.22
Religion
Moslem	538	100
Occupation
Students	164	30.48
Employees	143	26.58
Farmer	107	19.89
Laborer	66	12.27
Entrepreneur	58	10.78

Figure 1 Proposed research model by authors how spirituality can reduce the anxiety that leads to stress and depression in Muslim communities during the COVID-19 pandemic. People suffering from high anxiety cannot control their emotions, which leads to high stress and depression.³⁶ Therefore, spirituality is a self-approach to God, the environment, and society that can control anxiety so that it does not lead to stress and highs.^3,48 The current study found that the results of the intervention conducted at that time were not effective in reducing anxiety because it was conducted online between the patient and the therapist.¹³ During the pandemic in Indonesia, we examined the relationship between mental disorders and spirituality in coping with the pandemic through anxiety. The higher the spirituality, the lower the anxiety (fear, worry, and panic).

Table 2 Measurement Results

Constructs	MLE Estimates Factor Loading/Measurement Error		Squared Multiple Correlations (SMC)	Composite Reliability (CR)	Average of Variance Extracted (AVE)	Cronbach’s α
Extension well-being				0.870	0.528	0.869
EWB1	0.722	0.479	0.521
EWB2	0.710	0.496	0.504
EWB3	0.768	0.410	0.590
EWB4	0.699	0.511	0.489
EWB5	0.736	0.458	0.542
EWB6	0.723	0.477	0.523
Religious Well-being				0.915	0.914	0.902
RWB1	0.837	0.299	0.701
RWB2	0.761	0.421	0.579
RWB3	0.779	0.393	0.607
RWB4	0.847	0.283	0.717
RWB5	0.726	0.473	0.527
RWB6	0.852	0.274	0.726
Anxiety				0.965	0.799	0.965
ANX1	0.877	0.231	0.769
ANX2	0.886	0.215	0.785
ANX3	0.877	0.231	0.769
ANX4	0.906	0.179	0.821
ANX5	0.919	0.155	0.845
ANX6	0.912	0.168	0.832
ANX7	0.877	0.231	0.769
Depression				0.954	0.746	0.953
DPR1	0.909	0.174	0.826
DPR2	0.890	0.208	0.792
DPR3	0.904	0.183	0.817
DPR4	0.862	0.257	0.743
DPR5	0.819	0.329	0.671
DPR6	0.858	0.264	0.736
DPR7	0.799	0.362	0.638
Stress				0.914	0.605	0.913
STR1	0.656	0.570	0.430
STR2	0.833	0.306	0.694
STR3	0.783	0.387	0.613
STR4	0.780	0.392	0.608
STR5	0.769	0.409	0.591
STR6	0.843	0.289	0.711
STR7	0.766	0.413	0.587

Notes: Fit statistics (N = 538). Goodness-of-Fit Index (GFI) = 0.888, No normed fit index (NFI) = 0.922, Comparative Fit Index (CFI) = 0.953, Incremental fit index (IFI) = 0.953, and Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA) = 0.051.

Table 3 Correlation Matrix for Measurement Scales

Constructs	Mean	SD	EWB	RWB	ANX	DPR	STR
EWB	2.56	0.93	0.727
RWB	2.25	1.02	0.608	0.801
ANX	1.84	1.10	0.253	0.271	0.893
DPR	1.73	0.90	0.235	0.271	0.235	0.863
STR	1.66	0.68	0.195	0.194	0.195	0.358	0.778

Notes: Diagonal elements are the square roots of the AVE for each construct. Pearson correlations are shown below the diagonal.

Abbreviations: STR, stress; DPR, depression; ANX, anxiety; EWB, extension well-being; RWB, religious well-being; SD, standard deviation.

Table 4 Proposed Model Results

	Regression Path			Path Coefficients	Hypotheses	Test Results
γ11	Extension Well-Being	→	Anxiety	0.134	H1	Supported
γ21	Religious Well-being	→	Anxiety	0.123	H2	Supported
β21	Anxiety	→	Depression	0.374	H3	Supported
β31	Anxiety	→	Stress	0.370	H4	Supported

Figure 2 Structure result model, predictor variables of spiritual well-being (religious and external well being) have indirect and direct effect on people's depression and stress through anxiety. the score indirect effect of extension well-being and religious well-being on anxiety as a moderator are γ11 = 0.134, γ12 = 0.123; p < 0.01; p < 0.05. This value indicates a significant effect of extension and religious well-being on anxiety. in addition, the anxiety as a mediator has significant effect on depression and stress with values β21= 0.347 and β31= 0.370; p < 0.01. It is indicating that low anxiety can reduce depression and stress. On the other hand, the direct effect of extended well-being on depression and stress is γ21 = 0.210*** and γ31 = 0.240*** with p < 0.001, indicating that the extent of well-being positively affects depression and stress. In addition, the direct effect of religious well-being on depression and stress had a positive effect on depression and stress with a value of γ22 = 0.228*** and γ32 = 0.229***; p < 0.001. This study found R square anxiety (R2 = 0.217), depression (R2 = 0.143), and stress (R2 = 0.124). Therefore, this study states that spiritual well-being can control and reduce anxiety to prevent depression and stress.

Table 5 Mediation Effects

IV	M	DV	IV->DV (c)	IV->M (a)	IV+M->DV		Bootstrapping 95% CI
					IV (c’)	M(b)	Percentile Method	Bias-Corrected
X1	M1	Y1	0.229	0.231	0.267	0.167	[0.315, 0.148]	[0.317, 0.172]
Standard Error (SE)			0.040	0.050	0.033	0.039
X1	M1	Y2	0.228	0.231	0.182	0.189	[0.022, 0.009]	[0.030, 0.015]
Standard Error (SE)			0.030	0.050	0.024	0.029
X2	M1	Y1	0.240	0.210	0.261	0.185	[0.012, 0.120]	[0.014, 0.124]
Standard Error (SE)			0.037	0.046	0.033	0.036
X2	M1	Y2	0.200	0.210	0.183	0.161	[0.027, 0.122]	[0.028, 0.125]
Standard Error (SE)			0.027	0.046	0.024	0.027

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