Ambidextrous Leadership and Employee Voice Behavior: The Role of Work Motivation and Ambidextrous Culture

Figures & data

Figure 1 Theoretical model.

Table 1 The Results of Confirmatory Factor Analysis

Models	χ^2	df	χ^2/df	RMSEA	IFI	CFI	TLI
1-Factor: AL+WM+EVB+OAC	4198.853	650	6.460	0.119	0.658	0.657	0.629
2-Factor: AL+WM, EVB+OAC	4041.773	649	6.228	0.116	0.673	0.672	0.644
3-Factor: AL+ OAC, WM, EVB	3129.914	647	4.838	0.100	0.761	0.760	0.739
3-Factor: AL+WM, EVB+OAC	2285.664	647	3.533	0.081	0.842	0.841	0.828
3-Factor: AL+WM, EVB, OAC	1797.889	647	2.779	0.068	0.889	0.889	0.879
4-Factor: AL, OAC, WM, EVB	1563.468	644	2.428	0.061	0.912	0.911	0.903

Abbreviations: AL, ambidextrous leadership; WM, work motivation; EVB, employee voice behavior; OAC, organizational ambidextrous culture.

Table 2 The Means, Standard Deviations, and Correlations Between the Variables

Variables		M	SD	1	2	3	4	5	6
Level-1	1.Gender	1.522	0.500	-
	2.Age	3.251	1.192	−0.020	-
	3.Education	2.749	0.735	−0.066	−0.120*	-
	4.Working years	2.806	1.539	−0.040	0.484**	−0.119*	-
	5.WM	23.135	6.655	0.007	−0.066	−0.058	−0.131*	-
	6.EVB	4.592	1.000	0.014	−0.074	−0.077	−0.037	0.590**	-
Level-2	1.Leader gender	1.372	0.486	-
	2.Leader age	3.410	1.156	0.280*	-
	3.Leader education	3.090	0.563	−0.124	−0.037	-
	4.Team size	4.962	1.025	−0.049	0.068	0.074	-
	5.AL	20.271	5.429	0.053	−0.206	0.172	0.195	-
	6.OAC	24.793	4.895	−0.084	0.021	−0.180	0.181	0.239*	-

Notes: N=387. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01.

Abbreviations: WM, work motivation; EVB, employee voice behavior; AL, ambidextrous leadership; OAC, organizational ambidextrous culture.

Table 3 The Results of Cross-Level Regression Analysis

Variables		EVB				WM
		Model 1	Model 2	Model 3	Model 4	Model 5	Model 6	Model 7
Intercept		3.766***	2.799***	3.755***	2.610***	11.925*	5.275	8.073*
Control variables	Individual Level
	Gender	−0.077	−0.096	−0.028	−0.025	−0.546	−0.387	−0.233
	Age	0.012	−0.008	0.002	−0.003	0.029	0.089	0.065
	Education level	−0.072	−0.043	−0.031	−0.004	−0.503	−0.254	−0.268
	Working years	−0.024	−0.007	0.008	0.020	−0.427	−0.312	−0.299
	Team Level
	Gender of the leader	0.577**	0.331*	0.266*	0.176	2.977*	1.152	0.784
	Age of the leader	−0.190*	−0.070	−0.058	−0.027	−1.013	−0.429	−0.302
	Education of the leader	0.223	0.035	−0.105	−0.136	2.618*	1.355*	1.099*
	Team size	0.066	−0.035	−0.049	−0.092	1.125**	0.453	0.477*
Level-1 predictor (γ10)	WM			0.060***	0.053***
Level-2 predictor (γ01)	AL		0.096***		0.046*		0.640***	0.670***
	Group mean of WM				0.078***
	OAC							−0.116
Interactive item (γ11)	AL* OAC							0.439*
Within-group variance σ2		0.471	0.473	0.331	0.319	25.288	24.611	24.353
Between-group variance τ00		0.395*	0.436*	1.004**	0.507***	20.771**	29.389**	28.169***

Notes: N(employee)=387, N(leader)=78; All coefficients are estimates of fixed effects (γ) under robust standard error. σ² is the residual of level 1, and τ₀₀ is the intercept residual of level 2. ***: p<0.001, **: p<0.01, *: p<0.05.

Figure 2 Moderating effect of organizational ambidextrous culture.