Impact of Performance Climate on Overtime Behaviors of New Generation Employees: The Moderating Effect of Perceived Employability and Mediating Role of Job Insecurity

Figures & data

Figure 1 Theoretical Model.

Table 1 Structural Distribution of Samples

Items	Options	Frequency	Percentage (%)	Cumulative Percentage (%)
Gender	Male	169	48.56	48.56
	Female	179	51.44	100.00
Age	18–26 years old	73	20.98	20.98
	27–30 years old	172	49.43	70.40
	31–35 years old	103	29.60	100.00
Academic Degree	Senior High School and Below	3	0.86	0.86
	Junior College Degree	94	27.01	27.87
	Bachelor Degree	195	56.03	83.91
	Master and Above	56	16.09	100.00
Nature of Organization	State-owned Enterprise	56	16.09	16.09
	Private Enterprise	49	14.08	30.17
	Institution/Government Department	56	16.09	46.26
	Scientific Research Design Institutions	50	14.37	60.63
	Medical Treatment and Public Health Institutions	43	12.36	72.99
	Institution of Higher Learning	29	8.33	81.32
	Institution of Secondary Education	34	9.77	91.09
	Other Public Institutions	28	8.05	99.14
	Others	3	0.86	100.00
Position	Ordinary Employees	275	79.02	79.02
	Grassroots Managers	53	15.23	94.25
	Middle Managers	11	3.16	97.41
	Senior Managers	9	2.59	100.00
Total		348	100.0	100.0

Table 2 Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA)

Models	χ²	df	χ²/df	IFI	RMSEA	TLI	CFI
Three-factor Model (A,B, D)	353.866	296	1.195	0.991	0.024	0.990	0.991
Two-factor Model (A,B+D)	1483.498	298	4.978	0.819	0.107	0.801	0.818
Two-factor Model (A+B, D)	1068.052	298	3.584	0.882	0.086	0.871	0.882
Single-factor Model (A+B+D)	2915.718	299	9.752	0.600	0.159	0.563	0.598

Note: A denotes performance climate; B denotes job insecurity; D denotes perceived employability; “+” denotes merger.

Table 3 Discriminant Validity: Pearson Correlation and AVE Square Root

	Performance Climate	Job Insecurity	Perceived Employability
Performance Climate	0.787
Job insecurity	0.571	0.771
Perceived Employability	0.350	0.428	0.820

Notes: The diagonal number is the AVE square root.

Table 4 Descriptive Statistics and Correlation Coefficient Matrix

Items	Mean	Standard Error	Gender	Age	Academic Degree	Nature of Organization	Position	Employees’ Overtime Behaviors	Performance Climate	Job Insecurity	Perceived Employability
Gender	1.514	0.501	1
Age	4.069	0.756	−0.018	1
Academic Degree	6.839	0.847	0.053	0.148**	1
Nature of Organization	4.721	2.605	−0.005	0.007	0.081	1
Position	1.293	0.653	0.049	0.017	0.054	0.030	1
Employees’ Overtime Behaviors	7.305	2.531	−0.102	0.218**	0.041	−0.020	−0.060	1
Performance Climate	3.157	1.038	−0.077	0.021	0.036	−0.035	0.014	0.581**	1
Job Insecurity	2.899	0.977	−0.090	−0.044	0.028	−0.056	0.022	0.432**	0.571**	1
Perceived Employability	2.937	1.108	0.049	0.046	0.001	−0.006	−0.012	0.190**	0.350**	0.428**	1

Notes: **p<0.01.

Table 5 Hierarchical Regression

	Job Insecurity		Employees’ Overtime Behaviors
Variables	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3	Model 4	Model 5	Model 6	Model 7	Model 8
Gender	−0.095	−0.047	−0.097	−0.055	−0.051	−0.043	−0.054	−0.053
Age	−0.052	−0.042	0.214**	0.237**	0.207**	0.217**	0.238	0.242
Academic Degree	0.044	0.018	0.019	0.000	−0.004	−0.007	−0.000	0.007
Nature of Organization	−0.060	−0.054	−0.022	0.005	0.001	0.007	0.005	0.011
Position	0.027	−0.011	−0.060	−0.072	−0.069	−0.072	−0.072	−0.067
Performance Climate		0.606**			0.574**	0.480**		−0.053
Job Insecurity				0.439**		0.166**	0.443**	0.772**
Perceived Employability							−0.009	0.332*
Job Insecurity *Perceived Employability								−0.577*
R²	0.016	0.379	0.061	0.251	0.388	0.406	0.251	0.263
Adjusted R²	0.002	0.369	0.048	0.238**	0.377**	0.394**	0.236**	0.246**
F Value	1.117	34.750	4.481	19.059	35.991	33.199	16.294	15.142

Notes: *p<0.05 and **p<0.01.

Table 6 Summary of Test Results Concerning Mediating Effect

Path	c Total Effect	a	b	a*b Mediating Effect	a*b (Boot SE)	a*b (z value)	a*b (p value)	Boot ULCI	Boot LLCI	c’ Direct Effect	Conclusion
X→M→Y	1.400**	0.533**	0.429**	0.228	0.002	125.644	0.000	0.161	0.029	1.171**	Partial Mediation

Note: X denotes performance climate; M denotes job insecurity; Y denotes overtime behaviors; **p<0.01.

Figure 2 Regulating Effect of Perceived Employability on Job insecurity and Overtime Behaviors.

Table 7 Conditional Indirect Effect

Mediating Variable	Level	Value of Level	Effect	BootSE	BootLLCI	BootULCI
Job insecurity	Low Level (−1SD)	1.828	0.423	0.132	0.178	0.697
	Mean	2.937	0.285	0.092	0.116	0.476
	High Level (+1SD)	4.045	0.148	0.102	−0.054	0.353

Note: BootLLCI refers to the lower limit of the 95% bootstrap confidence interval, while BootULCI refers to the upper limit of the 95% bootstrap confidence interval.