When Does Overqualification Affect Bootlegging Positively?

Figures & data

Figure 1 Conceptual Model.

Table 1 Background Characteristics of Participants (N = 457)

Characteristics		Frequency	Percentage
Sex	Male	191	41.79
	Female	266	58.21
Age	18–29 years old	211	46.17
	30–39 years old	223	48.80
	40–49 years old	5	1.09
	>50 years old	18	3.94
Education	Junior high school and below	6	1.31
	High school	18	3.94
	Bachelor’s degree	352	77.02
	Master’s degree or above	81	17.72
Job tenure	<1 years	67	14.66
	1–3 years	133	29.10
	3–5 years	75	16.41
	5–10 years	111	24.29
	>10 years	71	15.54

Table 2 Common Method Bias Test

Construct	Indicator	Substantive Factor Loading (R1)	p	R1^2	Method Factor Loading (R2)	P	R2^2
POQ	POQ1	0.875	<0.001	0.766	−0.265	<0.001	0.070
	POQ2	0.915	<0.001	0.837	−0.238	<0.001	0.057
	POQ3	0.884	<0.001	0.782	−0.282	<0.001	0.080
	POQ4	0.812	<0.001	0.659	−0.038	0.556	0.001
	POQ5	0.892	<0.001	0.796	0.152	0.001	0.023
	POQ6	0.895	<0.001	0.800	0.098	0.019	0.010
	POQ7	0.861	<0.001	0.742	0.166	0.002	0.028
	POQ8	0.902	<0.001	0.814	0.196	<0.001	0.038
	POQ9	0.855	<0.001	0.731	0.199	<0.001	0.040
BL	BL1	0.860	<0.001	0.739	0.002	0.955	0.000
	BL2	0.849	<0.001	0.721	−0.046	0.234	0.002
	BL3	0.844	<0.001	0.713	0.081	0.045	0.007
	BL4	0.843	<0.001	0.711	−0.038	0.341	0.001
PCB	PCB1	0.916	<0.001	0.839	0.233	<0.001	0.054
	PCB2	0.894	<0.001	0.799	−0.145	<0.001	0.021
	PCB3	0.885	<0.001	0.783	−0.103	0.010	0.011
PP	PP1	0.870	<0.001	0.757	−0.049	0.196	0.002
	PP2	0.877	<0.001	0.769	−0.018	0.639	0.000
	PP3	0.867	<0.001	0.752	0.066	0.124	0.004
	PP4	0.854	<0.001	0.729	0.039	0.291	0.002
	PP5	0.853	<0.001	0.728	0.011	0.764	0.000
	PP6	0.810	<0.001	0.656	−0.030	0.552	0.001
	PP7	0.861	<0.001	0.741	−0.040	0.308	0.002
	PP8	0.862	<0.001	0.742	−0.021	0.610	0.000
	PP9	0.866	<0.001	0.750	0.011	0.769	0.000
	PP10	0.845	<0.001	0.714	0.031	0.411	0.001
Average		0.867		0.753	−0.001		0.017

Abbreviations: POQ, Perceived Overqualification; BL, Bootlegging; PCB, Proactive Career Behavior; PP, Proactive Personality.

Table 3 Construct Reliability and Validity

Construct	α	CR	AVE	Discriminant Validity (Fornell-Larcker Criterion)
				1	2	3	4
1. POQ	0.962	0.968	0.769	0.877
2. BL	0.871	0.912	0.721	0.657	0.849
3. PCB	0.881	0.926	0.807	0.679	0.776	0.898
4. PP	0.960	0.965	0.734	−0.463	−0.347	−0.496	0.857

Notes: The bold value on the diagonal is the square root of AVE. Diagonal elements in the correlation of constructs matrix are the square root of AVE; for adequate discriminant validity, diagonal elements should be greater than corresponding off-diagonal elements.

Abbreviations: α, Cronbach’s Alpha; CR, Composite Reliability; AVE, Average Variance Extracted; POQ, Perceived Overqualification; BL, Bootlegging; PCB, Proactive Career Behavior; PP, Proactive Personality.

Table 4 Heterotrait-Monotrait Ratio (HTMT)

Construct	1	2	3	4
1.POQ
2.BL	0.707
3.PCB	0.725	0.885
4.PP	0.476	0.379	0.533

Abbreviations: POQ, Perceived Overqualification; BL, Bootlegging; PCB, Proactive Career Behavior; PP, Proactive Personality.

Table 5 Results of Path Analysis and Hypotheses Testing

Hypotheses	Paths	β	SE	T	P	Result
H1	POQ→BL	0.245	0.039	6.316	<0.001	Supported
H2	POQ→PCB	0.581	0.031	18.690	<0.001	Supported
H3	PCB→BL	0.594	0.036	16.509	<0.001	Supported
H4	POQ→PCB→BL	0.346	0.028	12.287	<0.001	Supported
H5	POQ*PP→PCB	0.078	0.027	2.913	0.004	Supported
	PP→PCB	−0.250	0.036	6.853	<0.001
	Sex→BL	−0.005	0.029	0.188	0.851
	Sex→PCB	−0.059	0.033	1.810	0.070
	Age→BL	0.009	0.034	0.277	0.782
	Age→PCB	0.050	0.037	1.341	0.180
	Education→BL	−0.025	0.027	0.946	0.344
	Education→PCB	−0.040	0.032	1.245	0.213
	Job Tenure→BL	0.049	0.036	1.356	0.175
	Job Tenure→PCB	0.112	0.038	2.921	0.004

Notes: PP is the moderation variable; POQ*PP is the interaction item; sex, age, education and job tenure are the control variables.

Abbreviations: β, direct effect/mediation effect/moderation effect; SE, standard error; POQ, Perceived Overqualification; BL, Bootlegging; PCB, Proactive Career Behavior; PP, Proactive Personality.

Figure 2 Structural Model with Moderator Variable.

Note: **p<0.01, ***p<0.001.