Factors Affecting Self-Harm- or Violence-Related Urgent Psychiatric Consultation During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Taiwan

Figures & data

Table 1 UPCs and Total ED Visits of the Medical Center and Regional Hospital During the Pandemic

	Medical Center	Regional Hospital
2019	0.63%	0.69%
Baseline period	323/50938	153/22226
2020	0.55%	0.71%
Peak period	186/33939	121/17150
2021	0.7%	0.59%
Slack period	268/38488	105/17780

Table 2 Demographic Data of ED Patients Received UPC in the Medical Center and Regional Hospital During Different Pandemic Periods

	Medical Center			Regional Hospital
	2019 Baseline n=323	2020 Peak n=186	2021 Slack n=268	2019 Baseline n=153	2020 Peak n=121	2021 Slack n=105
Sex (male, %)	45.2% (146/323)	34.9% (65/186)*	38.4% (103/268)	37.3% (57/153)	43.8% (53/121)	42.9% (45/105)
Age (year ± SD)	41.8±17.4	39.2±18.5	35.6±17.2^‡	45.1±18.8	41.1±17.8	44.3±18.9
Police/EMS referral (%, n)	38.7% (125/323)	41.9% (78/186)	51.9% (139/268)^†	43.1% (66/153)	42.1% (51/121)	41% (43/105)
Self-harm (%, n)	57% (184/323)	62.4% (116/186)	64.9% (174/268)*	64.7% (99/153)	58.7% (71/121)	59% (62/105)
Male proportion in self-harm group(male: female)	41.3% (76:108)	27.6% (32:84)*	36.2% (63:111)	31.3% (31:68)	33.8% (24:47)	30.6% (19:43)
Violence (%, n)	17.6% (57/323)	10.2% (19/186)*	12.3% (33/268)	24.8% (38/153)	28.1% (34/121)	27.6% (29/105)
Male proportion in violence group(male: female)	57.9% (33:24)	73.7% (14:5)	72.7% (24:9)	50% (19:19)	67.6% (23:11)	62.1% (18:11)

Notes: *p < 0.05, ^†p < 0.01, ^‡p < 0.001.

Abbreviations: EMS, Emergency medical service; SD, Standard deviation.

Table 3 Multiple Logistic Regression on Self-Harm During the COVID-19 Pandemic Compared to the Baseline Period (2019)

	Peak Period (2020)			Slack Period (2021)
Variables	aOR	95% CI	p-value	aOR	95% CI	p-value
Regional hospital	1.170	0.859–1.594	0.318	1.184	0.866–1.618	0.290
Pandemic periods*	0.983	0.727–1.329	0.910	1.065	0.798–1.422	0.668
Sex (male)	0.510	0.378–0.688	<0.001	0.543	0.408–0.724	<0.001
Age	0.987	0.978–0.995	<0.001	0.982	0.975–0.990	<0.001
Police/EMS	1.102	0.812–1.495	0.533	1.297	0.967–1.740	0.082

Notes: aOR, adjusted odd ratio by the level of hospital, pandemic periods, sex, age, and police/EMS referrals. *Pandemic periods: peak period (2020) or slack period (2021) compared to the baseline period (2019).

Table 4 Multiple Logistic Regression on Violence During the COVID-19 Pandemic Compared to the Baseline Period (2019)

	Peak Period (2020)			Slack Period (2021)
	aOR	95% CI	p-value	aOR	95% CI	p-value
Regional Hospital	2.157	1.472–3.162	<0.001	2.148	1.472–3.133	<0.001
Pandemic period*	0.761	0.513–1.130	0.176	0.745	0.513–1.081	0.121
Sex (male)	2.326	1.588–3.407	<0.001	2.285	1.583–3.299	<0.001
Age	1.000	0.989–1.010	0.952	0.999	0.989–1.009	0.829
Police/EMS	2.824	1.918–4.160	<0.001	2.728	1.874–3.972	<0.001

Notes: aOR, adjusted odd ratio by the level of hospital, pandemic period, sex, age, and police/EMS referrals *Pandemic periods: peak period (2020) or slack period (2021) compared to the baseline period (2019).