The Relationship Between Mindfulness, Fatigue, and Perceived Symptoms Among Frontline Nurses Who Performed Nucleic Acid Sample Collection During the COVID-19 in China: A Cross-Sectional Study

Figures & data

Table 1 Demographic of Nurse Performing Nucleic Acid Test (N = 514)

Characteristics	Variable	Frequency	Percent (%)
Sex
	Male	31	6.03%
	Female	483	93.97%
Age
	≤25	95	18.48%
	26~30	139	27.04%
	31~40	245	47.67%
	41~45	27	5.25%
	≥46	8	1.56%
Education
	College degree or below	111	21.60%
	Bachelor’s degree	399	77.63%
	Master’s degree or above	4	0.78%
Marital status
	Unmarried	200	38.91%
	Married	300	58.37%
	Divorced/widowed	14	2.72%
Fertility status
	No fertility	220	42.80%
	One child	166	32.30%
	Two childern	128	24.90%
Years of working
	≤3	45	8.75%
	3~5	75	14.59%
	6–10	141	27.43%
	11~15	212	41.25%
	≥15	41	7.98%
Professional title
	Junior and below	268	52.14%
	Intermediate	218	42.41%
	Senior	28	5.45%
Hours of sleep
	≤5	2	0.39%
	5~8	512	99.61%
	≥8	0	0%
Adapting to dietary habit
	NO	246	47.86%
	Yes	268	52.14%

Table 2 The Symptoms in Nurse Performing Nucleic Acid Test (N = 514)

Symptoms	Number of Symptoms	Frequency	Percent (%)
Dizziness
	0	235	45.72%
	1~2	209	40.66%
	3~5	50	9.73%
	≥6	20	3.89%
Chest Distress
	0	297	57.78%
	1~2	164	31.91%
	3~5	37	7.20%
	≥6	16	3.11%
Polypnea
	0	296	57.59%
	1~2	153	29.77%
	3~5	46	8.95%
	≥6	19	3.70%
Nausea
	0	340	66.15%
	1~2	138	26.85%
	3~5	31	6.03%
	≥6	5	0.97%
Vomiting
	0	424	82.49%
	1~2	76	14.79%
	3~5	14	2.72%
	≥6	0	0%
Palpitation
	0	320	62.26%
	1~2	147	28.60%
	3~5	38	7.39%
	≥6	9	1.75%
Hidrorrhea
	0	192	37.35%
	1~2	99	19.26%
	3~5	56	10.89%
	≥6	167	32.49%
Headache
	0	258	50.19%
	1~2	171	33.27%
	3~5	62	12.06%
	≥6	23	4.47%
Tinnitus
	0	442	85.99%
	1~2	49	9.53%
	3~5	16	3.11%
	≥6	7	1.36%
Stuffy
	0	501	97.47%
	1~2	9	1.75%
	3~5	2	0.39%
	≥6	2	0.39%
Faint
	0	504	98.05%
	1~2	10	1.95%
	3~5	0	0%
	≥6	0	0%
Convulsion
	0	511	99.42%
	1~2	3	0.58%
	3~5	0	0%
	≥6	0	0%
Unconsciousness
	0	511	99.42%
	1~2	3	0.58%
	3~5	0	0%
	≥6	0	0%

Table 3 MAAS Scores in Nurse Performing Nucleic Acid Test (N = 514)

Items	Scores Range	Mean (SD)
Item1	1–6	4.56 (1.35)
Item2	1–6	5.14 (1.19)
Item3	1–6	5.11 (1.18)
Item4	1–6	4.63 (1.09)
Item5	1–6	4.18 (1.13)
Item6	1–6	3.78 (0.79)
Item7	1–6	4.72 (1.34)
Item8	1–6	5.39 (1.14)
Item9	1–6	4.91 (1.19)
Item10	1–6	4.84 (124)
Item11	1–6	4.35 (1.16)
Item12	1–6	4.37 (1.38)
Item13	1–6	4.36 (1.27)
Item14	1–6	4.48 (1.25)
Item15	1–6	4.17 (1.13)
Total scores	31–90	69.01 (13.53)

Abbreviations: SD, standard deviation; MAAS, Mindfulness Attention Awareness Scale.

Table 4 MAAS Level Classification in Nurse Performing Nucleic Acid Test (N = 514)

Grades	Scores Range	Frequency	Percent (%)
Poor	≤40	10	2.05%
Medium	41–65	185	35.99%
Good	≥66	319	62.06%

Abbreviation: MAAS, Mindfulness Attention Awareness Scale.

Table 5 FSS Scores and Presence of Fatigue in Nurse Performing Nucleic Acid Test (N = 514)

Items	Range	Mean(SD)
Item1	1–7	4.57 (1.35)
Item2	1–7	3.44 (1.06)
Item3	1–7	3.39 (1.01)
Item4	1–7	4.57 (1.31)
Item5	1–7	4.05 (1.24)
Item6	1–7	4.23 (1.11)
Item7	1–7	4.23 (1.14)
Item8	1–7	4.05 (1.03)
Item9	1–7	3.74 (1.05)
Total scores	9–63	36.27 (11.17)

Abbreviations: SD, standard deviation; FSS, Fatigue Severity Scale.

Table 6 FSS Presence of Fatigue in Nurse Performing Nucleic Acid Test (N = 514)

Fatigue	Scores Range	Frequency	Percent (%)
No	9–35	218	42.41%
Yes	36–63	296	57.59%

Abbreviation: FSS, Fatigue Severity Scale.

Table 7 The MAAS Items with FSS Presence of Fatigue in Nurse Performing Nucleic Acid Test (N = 514)

MAAS Items	Fatigue		Z/χ²	P-value
	No (n=218)	Yes (n=296)
Item1	4.95 (1.26)	4.27 (1.34)	−5.828^a	<0.001
Item2	5.42 (1.01)	4.94 (1.27)	−4.708^a	<0.001
Item3	5.48 (0.94)	4.83 (1.17)	−6.393^a	<0.001
Item4	5.06 (1.34)	4.32 (1.13)	−5.894^a	<0.001
Item5	4.70 (1.45)	3.81 (1.09)	−6.348^a	<0.001
Item6	4.10 (1.41)	3.55 (1.01)	−4.087^a	<0.001
Item7	5.18 (1.16)	4.39 (1.16)	−6.917^a	<0.001
Item8	5.68 (0.93)	5.18 (1.23)	−6.468^a	<0.001
Item9	5.19 (1.05)	4.70 (1.25)	−4.515^a	<0.001
Item10	5.29 (1.07)	4.51 (1.27)	−6.920^a	<0.001
Item11	4.73 (1.35)	4.07 (1.18)	−5.297^a	<0.001
Item12	4.75 (1.33)	4.09 (1.16)	−5.269^a	<0.001
Item13	4.77 (1.30)	4.07 (1.06)	−5.780^a	<0.001
Item14	4.87 (1.24)	4.19 (1.22)	−5.852^a	<0.001
Item15	4.55 (1.45)	3.90 (1.07)	−4.911^a	<0.001
MAAS scores	74.70 (11.79)	64.82 (11.22)	−8.268^a	<0.001
MAAS categorical			53.020^b	<0.001
≤40	1 (0.46%)	10 (3.38%)
41–65	52 (23.85%)	155 (52.36%)
≥66	165 (75.69%)	131 (44.26%)

Notes: ^amann–Whitney. U-test for continuously variables, ^bChi-square test for categorical variables, Fisher exact for categorical variables with Expects<5.

Abbreviations: MAAS, Mindfulness Attention Awareness Scale; FSS, Fatigue Severity Scale.

Table 8 TheUnivariate and Multivariate Analysis on Factors for FSS Presence of Fatigue Among Nurse Performing Nucleic Acid Test (N = 514)

Variable	Univariate		Multivariate
	β (95% CI)	P-value	β (95% CI)	P-value
Sex
Male	Ref		Ref
Female	11.51 (0.0962, 0.8957)	0.0312	0.33 (0.1142, 0.9319)	0.0364
Age	1.13 (1.0243, 1.2362)	0.0138	1.12 (1.0329, 1.2223)	0.0066
≤25	Ref
26~30	0.69 (0.2539,1.8820)	0.4700
31–40	0.99 (0.2368,4.0987)	0.3984
41~45	2.81 (0.2654,7.8247)	0.3905
≥46	2.98 (0.5145,8.3219)	0.9871
Education
College degree or below	Ref
Bachelor’s degree	1.51 (0.8220, 2.7706)	0.1843
Master’s degree or above	0.30 (0.0161, 5.4308)	0.4122
Marital status
Unmarried	Ref		Ref
Married	0.20 (0.0629, 0.6398)	0.0066	0.21 (0.0747, 0.6103)	0.0039
Divorced/widowed	0.38 (0.0735, 1.9366)	0.2429	0.44 (0.0937, 2.0485)	0.2943
Fertility status
No fertility	Ref		Ref
One child	3.73 (1.1709, 11.8769)	0.0260	3.45 (1.1875,9.0124)	0.0228
Two children	3.32 (0.9729, 11.3355)	0.0554	3.05 (0.9883, 9.4055)	0.0524
Years of working
≤3	Ref		Ref
3~5	0.83 (0.3154, 2.1993)	0.7120	0.91 (0.3660, 2.2695)	0.8420
6–10	0.59 (0.2038, 1.7133)	0.3326	0.69 (0.2575, 1.8629)	0.4669
11~15	0.20 (0.0521, 0.7901)	0.0215	0.21 (0.0617, 0.7739)	0.0184
≥15	0.08 (0.0105, 0.5454)	0.0104	0.09 (0.0143, 0.6115)	0.0133
Professional title
Junior and below	Ref
Intermediate	0.93 (0.4674, 1.8570)	0.8406
Senior	1.68 (0.4037, 6.9527)	0.4773
Hours of sleep
≤5	Ref
5~8	0.84 (0.3862, 1.8057)	0.6469
≥8	1.51 (0.5056, 4.4956)	0.4614
Adapting to dietary habit
No	Ref		Ref
Yes	1.73 (1.1044, 2.7074)	0.0167	1.70 (1.1241, 2.5804)	0.0120
Dizziness
0	Ref
1~2	1.51 (0.8736, 2.5936)	0.1407
3~5	0.68 (0.2754, 1.6782)	0.4025
≥6	1.00 (0.1489, 6.7659)	0.9969
Chest Distress
0	Ref		Ref
1~2	0.93 (0.5217, 1.6719)	0.8179	1.06 (0.6529, 1.7096)	0.8229
3~5	0.84 (0.2367, 3.0084)	0.7934	0.75 (0.3038, 1.8519)	0.5328
≥6	0.05 (0.0037, 0.7543)	0.0302	0.59 (0.1398, 2.4680)	0.4675
Polypnea
0	Ref
1~2	1.09 (0.5867,2.0259)	0.7846
3~5	0.46 (0.1369, 1.5559)	0.2124
≥6	0.71 (0.1170, 4.3125)	0.7100
Nausea
0	Ref
1~2	1.05 (0.5795, 1.9074)	0.8691
3~5	2.07 (0.5112, 8.4165)	0.3072
≥6	6.60 (0.4571, 8.0460)	0.1236
Vomiting
0	Ref
1~2	0.93 (0.4509, 1.9390)	0.8567
3~5	0.43 (0.0610, 3.0108)	0.3944
≥6	/
Palpitation
0	Ref
1~2	0.91 (0.5069, 1.6355)	0.7539
3~5	2.03 (0.5220, 7.8789)	0.3072
≥6	6.26 (0.4226, 9.3064)	0.1525
Hidrorrhea
0	Ref		Ref
1~2	1.97 (1.0476, 3.6902)	0.0353	1.86 (1.0401, 3.3190)	0.0363
3~5	2.39 (1.0302, 5.5457)	0.0424	2.45 (1.1478, 5.2475)	0.0206
≥6	1.56 (0.8754,2.7629)	0.1321	1.50 (0.8884, 2.5351)	0.1291
Headache
0	Ref
1~2	1.14 (0.6757, 1.9196)	0.6255
3~5	1.98 (0.7981,4.9098)	0.1407
≥6	3.01 (0.5556, 6.2769)	0.2013
Tinnitus
0	Ref
1~2	1.19 (0.5291,2.6945)	0.6694	1.46 (0.6916, 3.0699)	0.3221
3~5	0.20 (0.0395,0.8206)	0.0358	0.57 (0.1525, 2.1484)	0.4083
≥6	1.82 (0.1327, 5.0683)	0.6531	1.85 (0.1632,9.8627)	0.6205
Stuffy
0	Ref
1~2	0.68 (0.0573, 8.1580)	0.7635
3~5	0.26 (0.1355,2.1451)	0.0929
≥6	0.44 (0.0211, 9.2670)	0.5992
Faint
0	Ref
1~2	0.14 (0.0165, 1.1251)	0.0642
3~5	/
≥6	/
Convulsion
0	Ref
1~2	1.57 (0.4756, 1.2183)	0.6345
3~5	1.99 (0.7884,4.7251)	0.1761
≥6	/
Unconsciousness
0	Ref
1~2	1.68 (0.9145, 1.5234)	0.6489
3~5	2.35 (0.3246,3.2219)	0.2647
≥6	/
MAAS scores	0.94 (0.9220, 0.9578)	<0.0001	0.94 (0.9238,0.9575)	<0.0001
≤40	Ref
41~65	0.25 (0.0154,3.9299)	0.3215
66~90	0.36 (0.0720,1.9856)	0.2689

Abbreviations: MAAS, Mindfulness Attention Awareness Scale; FSS, Fatigue Severity Scale.