Moderating Role of Peer Pressure and Positive Learning Environment Between Career Calling and Academic Procrastination in Chinese Medical Students During Controlled COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Study

Figures & data

Table 1 Demographic Characteristics (N=3614) and Univariate Analysis for the Factors Related to the Level of Academic Procrastination

Variable	Number of Subjects n(%)	Academic Procrastination	p-value
		(Mean±SD)	(by t-test)
Sex			0.009
Male	925(25.6)	2.56±0.90
Female	2689(74.4)	2.65±0.84
Major			< 0.001
Basic Medicine	148(4.1)	2.57±0.87
Clinical Medicine	1238(34.3)	2.57±0.86
Stomatology	229(6.3)	2.71±0.86
Public Health and Preventive Medicine	171(4.7)	2.60±0.88
Pharmacy	562(15.6)	2.55±0.90
Medical Technology	424(11.7)	2.62±0.81
Nursing	534(14.8)	2.74±0.81
Other	308(8.5)	2.74±0.88
Grade			< 0.001
Freshman	2085(57.7)	2.53±0.86
Sophomore	660(18.3)	2.77±0.86
Junior	608(16.8)	2.74±0.83
Senior and above	261(7.2)	2.76±0.84
Parenting style			< 0.001
Neglected type	312(8.6)	2.89±0.83
Tolerant type	2213(61.2)	2.62±0.85
Authoritarian style	362(10.0)	2.72±0.91
Authority type	727(20.1)	2.48±0.85
Monthly living expenses (RMB)			0.040
(0,1000)	302(8.4)	2.51±0.79
(1000~1500)	1649(45.6)	2.65±0.86
(1500~2000)	1149(31.8)	2.60±0.86
(2000,∞)	514(14.2)	2.67±0.90
Subjective Heath			< 0.001
Very bad	11(0.3)	3.09±0.99
Bad	139(3.8)	2.89±0.86
Average	1200(33.2)	2.77±0.83
Good	1783(49.3)	2.58±0.83
Excellent	481(13.3)	2.34±0.95

Table 2 Correlations Among Continuous Variables

Variables	Mean±SD	1	2	3	4
(1) Career Calling	3.72±0.70	1
(2) Academic Procrastination	2.62±0.86	−0.232**	1
(3) Peer Pressure	3.93±0.68	0.390**	−0.279**	1
(4) Positive Learning Environment	4.03±0.69	0.339**	−0.242**	0.637**	1

Note: **p < 0.01 (two-tailed).

Table 3 Hierarchical Multiple Regression Results of Academic Procrastination

Variables	Academic Procrastination
	M1(β)	M2(β)	M3(β)	M4(β)	M5(β)
Control variables
Sex	0.030	0.036*	0.032*	0.037*	0.035*
Major	0.053**	0.029	0.029	0.027	0.026
Grade	0.102**	0.066**	0.067**	0.068**	0.068**
Parenting style	−0.078**	−0.052**	−0.052**	−0.061**	−0.061**
Monthly living expenses	0.052**	0.049**	0.050**	0.051**	0.052**
Subjective heath	−0.162**	−0.102**	−0.102**	−0.108**	−0.109**
Independent variable
Career Calling		−0.124**	0.196**	−0.144**	0.137
Moderator variables
Peer Pressure		−0.193**	0.099
Positive Learning Environment				−0.158**	0.088
Interactions
Career Calling × Peer Pressure			−0.515**
Career Calling × Positive Learning Environment					−0.435**
F	33.117**	59.626**	55.606**	54.453**	49.997**
Adjusted R^2	0.051**	0.115**	0.120**	0.106**	0.109**
∆R^2	0.052**	0.065**	0.005**	0.056**	0.003**

Note: *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 (two-tailed).

Figure 1 Simple slope diagram of the influence of the interaction between Career calling and Peer Pressure on Academic Procrastination.

Figure 2 Simple slope diagram of the influence of the interaction between Career calling and Positive Learning Environment on Academic Procrastination.