Repercussions of Pandemic and Preventive Measures on General Well-Being, Psychological Health, Physical Fitness, and Health Behavior: Mediating Role of Coping Behavior

Figures & data

Figure 1 Conceptual Framework.

Table 1 Background Information of the Study Participants (N=2200)

City Wise Demographics	Category	Frequency/Percentage
Age	21–27	655(29.77%)
	28–35	419(19.04%)
	36–43	544(24.72%)
	44–51	369(16.77%)
	51+	213(9.68%)
Gender	Male	1222(55.55%)
	Female	978(44.45%)
Marital Status	Single	1005(45.68%)
	Married	991(45.04%)
	Widowed	100(4.54%)
	Divorced	104(4.72%)
Education	Undergraduate	515(23.40%)
	Bachelor	648(29.45%)
	Master	395(17.95%)
	Graduate	512(23.27%)
	Others	130(5.91%)

Table 2 Mean, Standard Deviation, Kurtosis, and Skewness of the Study Constructs

Items	M	SD	EK	SkP
CoB1	3.645	0.702	4.036	−2.120
CoB2	3.668	0.645	4.882	−2.188
CoB3	3.702	0.607	3.526	−2.296
CoB4	3.655	0.638	4.019	−2.012
CoB5	3.623	0.674	3.909	−1.984
CoB6	3.666	0.651	4.790	−2.184
GWb1	3.666	0.628	4.573	−2.096
GWb2	3.659	0.668	4.451	−2.150
GWb3	3.744	0.632	3.107	−2.713
GWb4	3.723	0.622	2.178	−2.498
GWb5	3.596	0.754	2.911	−1.909
PrM1	1.265	0.636	3.243	2.710
PrM2	1.274	0.637	2.621	2.598
PrM3	1.294	0.659	5.650	2.445
PrM4	1.347	0.696	4.235	2.157
PrM5	1.348	0.657	4.145	2.062
PrM6	1.362	0.674	3.850	2.014
P1	2.353	0.667	3.742	2.010
P2	2.410	0.722	3.010	1.860
P3	2.342	0.685	4.709	2.221
P4	2.453	0.762	1.882	1.640
PhF1	3.750	0.654	3.335	−2.809
PhF2	3.773	0.630	3.841	−3.040
PhF3	3.629	0.745	3.403	−2.049
PhF4	3.738	0.634	4.625	−2.765
PhF5	3.731	0.629	2.925	−2.638
Hb1	3.579	0.720	3.093	−1.843
Hb2	3.570	0.706	2.576	−1.709
Hb3	3.593	0.687	3.037	−1.799
Hb4	3.650	0.648	3.919	−2.002
Hb5	3.636	0.669	3.839	−1.998
PsH1	3.663	0.692	4.765	−2.258
PsH2	3.657	0.687	4.144	−2.140
PsH3	3.718	0.598	2.137	−2.409
PsH4	3.694	0.640	1.219	−2.307
PsH5	3.685	0.664	1.081	−2.309
PsH6	3.707	0.635	5.157	−2.335

Abbreviations: M, Mean; SD, Standard Deviation; EK, Excess Kurtosis; SkP, Skewness Karl Pearson’s; CoB, Coping Behavior; GWb, General wellbeing; PrM, Preventive Measures; P, Pandemic; PhF, Physical Fitness; Hb, Health behaviour; PsH, Psychological Health.

Table 3 Factor Analysis

Constructs/Items	FL	VIF	CA	CR	AVE
Coping Behavior
CoB1	0.737	1.680	0.88	0.909	0.625
CoB2	0.816	2.136
CoB3	0.817	2.160
CoB4	0.812	2.103
CoB5	0.768	1.996
CoB6	0.793	2.119
Pandemic (COVID-19)
P1	0.759	1.521	0.816	0.879	0.646
P2	0.813	1.817
P3	0.850	2.213
P4	0.789	1.913
Preventive Measure
PrM1	0.745	2.145	0.892	0.917	0.648
PrM2	0.767	2.281
PrM3	0.809	2.144
PrM4	0.838	2.310
PrM5	0.843	2.345
PrM6	0.824	2.220
General Well-being
GWb1	0.778	1.727	0.850	0.893	0.627
GWb2	0.834	2.195
GWb3	0.831	2.069
GWb4	0.813	1.911
GWb5	0.695	1.468
Physical Fitness
PhF1	0.792	1.893	0.867	0.904	0.652
PhF2	0.830	2.076
PhF3	0.761	1.748
PhF4	0.849	2.268
PhF5	0.804	2.005
Health Behavior
Hb1	0.728	1.875	0.823	0.876	0.587
Hb2	0.786	2.172
Hb3	0.816	1.929
Hb4	0.769	2.090
Hb5	0.727	1.948
Psychological Health
PsH1	0.732	1.845	0.860	0.895	0.588
PsH2	0.774	2.040
PsH3	0.715	1.786
PsH4	0.787	2.054
PsH5	0.770	2.182
PsH6	0.813	2.413

Table 4 Discriminant Validity: Fornell Larcker

Construct	CoB	GWb	P	PhF	Hb	PrM	PsH
CoB	0.791
GWb	0.668	0.792
P	−0.642	−0.552	0.804
PhF	0.724	0.686	−0.623	0.808
Hb	0.592	0.555	−0.547	0.595	0.766
PrM	−0.489	−0.388	0.363	−0.473	−0.487	0.805
PsH	0.601	0.504	−0.577	0.554	0.475	−0.36	0.766

Abbreviations: CoB, Coping Behavior; GWb, General wellbeing; PrM, Preventive Measures; P, Pandemic; PhF, Physical Fitness; Hb, Health behaviour; PsH, Psychological Health.

Table 5 Hetro Trait-Mono Trait (HTMT) Discriminant Validity

Construct	CoB	GWb	P	PhF	Hb	PrM	PsH
CoB
GWb	0.771
P	0.755	0.657
PhF	0.825	0.803	0.739
Hb	0.693	0.656	0.666	0.701
PrM	0.537	0.435	0.412	0.527	0.555
PsH	0.684	0.576	0.670	0.632	0.557	0.402

Abbreviations: CoB, Coping Behavior; GWb, General wellbeing; PrM, Preventive Measures; P, Pandemic; PhF, Physical Fitness; Hb, Health behaviour; PsH, Psychological Health.

Table 6 Model of Fitness

Fit Indices	Model
SRMR	0.061
d_ULS	2.622
d_G	0.699
Chi-Square	9191.226
NFI	0.811

Abbreviations: SRMR, Standardized-root-mean-square-residual; d_ULS, Unweighted least squares discrepancy; d_G, Geodesic discrepancy; χ², Chi-square; NFI, Normed fit index.

Table 7 Direct Hypotheses

Hypothesis	Original Sample (O)	Sample Mean (M)	Standard Deviation (STDEV)	T Statistics (|O/STDEV|)	P values
H1	−0.265	−0.264	0.026	10.283	<0.000
H2	−0.256	−0.256	0.025	10.101	<0.000
H3	−0.32	−0.322	0.029	11.015	<0.000
H4	−0.203	−0.203	0.027	7.531	<0.000
H5	−0.067	−0.069	0.025	2.732	<0.010
H6	−0.14	−0.141	0.024	5.881	<0.000
H7	−0.066	−0.065	0.023	2.82	<0.010
H8	−0.243	−0.244	0.031	7.824	<0.000
H9	0.303	0.301	0.032	9.383	<0.000
H10	0.491	0.488	0.028	17.503	<0.000
H11	0.363	0.361	0.033	10.947	<0.000
H12	0.505	0.503	0.03	16.789	<0.000
H13	−0.535	−0.534	0.025	21.715	<0.000
H14	−0.295	−0.294	0.025	11.967	<0.000

Figure 2 Factor loadings, path coefficient, and R-square result (PLS-Algorithm).

Table 8 Mediating Hypotheses

Mediating Role of CoB	Direct Effect						Indirect Effect						Mediating Effect
	Effect	S.E	LL	UL	t-value	p-value	Effect	S.E	LL	UL	t-value	p-value
H9a	−0.2638	0.0198	−0.3027	−0.225	−13.3154	<0.001	0.4137	0.0219	0.3708	0.4567	18.886	<0.001	partial
H9b	−0.2538	0.0171	−0.2872	−0.2203	−14.857	<0.001	0.5617	0.0189	0.5247	0.5987	29.7444	<0.001	partial
H9c	−0.2719	0.0186	−0.3083	−0.2354	−14.6282	<0.001	0.3872	0.0205	0.3469	0.4275	18.8443	<0.001	partial
H9d	−0.1829	0.0185	−0.2191	−0.1467	−9.9002	<0.001	0.5433	0.0204	0.5033	0.5033	26.5979	<0.001	partial
H14a	−0.254	0.0186	−0.2904	−0.2175	−13.6554	<0.001	0.4741	0.0192	0.4364	0.5117	24.6896	<0.001	partial
H14b	−0.1548	0.0165	−0.1872	−0.1224	9.3685	<0.001	0.6638	0.0171	0.6304	0.6973	38.913	<0.001	partial
H14c	−0.0831	0.0182	−0.1189	−0.0474	−4.5603	<0.001	0.5375	0.0188	0.5006	0.5744	28.5649	<0.001	partial
H14d	−0.0816	0.0177	−0.1163	−0.047	−4.6194	<0.001	0.6317	0.0182	0.5959	0.6675	34.6211	<0.001	partial

Abbreviations: CoB, Coping Behavior; SE, Standard Error; LL, Lower Limit; UL, Upper Limit.