Effects of Mindfulness on Obligatory Exercise During the Return of Injured Athletes to Sports: The Mediating Roles of Self-Criticism and Competitive State Anxiety

Figures & data

Figure 1 The hypothesized model.

Table 1 Participants’ Profile (N = 208)

Demographic Characteristic	Profiles	Survey (%)
Respondents’ age	<18	18 (8.6%)
	18–20	63 (30.3%)
	21–23	85 (40.9%)
	>23	42 (20.2%)
Respondents’ gender	Female	136 (65.4%)
	Male	72 (34.6%)
Respondents’ sport level	Second-level athlete	126 (60.6%)
	Tier 1 athlete	69 (33.2%)
	Athletes at the gym level	13 (6.2%)
Respondents’ sports	Ball sports	108 (51.9%)
	Athletics project	62 (29.8%)
	Other sports	38 (18.3%)

Abbreviations N, Total number of participants.

Table 2 Reliability and Validity Tests

Items	Loadings	Cα	AVE	CR
Mindfulness (MF)		0.84	0.52	0.84
MF1	0.70
MF2	0.73
MF3	0.77
MF4	0.71
MF5	0.68
Competitive state anxiety (CSA)		0.89	0.61	0.89
CSA1	0.78
CSA2	0.75
CSA3	0.78
CSA4	0.81
CSA5	0.80
Self-criticism (SC)		0.89	0.63	0.89
SC1	0.81
SC2	0.80
SC3	0.77
SC4	0.78
SC5	0.81
Obligatory exercise (OE)		0.86	0.51	0.86
OE1	0.73
OE2	0.69
OE3	0.67
OE4	0.74
OE5	0.71
OE6	0.75

Abbreviations: Cα, Cronbach α coefficient; AVE, average variance extracted; CR, composite reliability coefficient.

Table 3 Discriminant Validity Test

Construct	MF	SC	OE	CSA
MF	(0.92)
SC	−0.34**	(0.95)
OE	−0.41**	0.47**	(0.93)
CSA	−0.29**	0.46**	0.31**	(0.94)

Notes: The square root of the average variance extracted (AVE) is on the diagonal (bold); off diagonals are Pearson’s correlations of the constructs. **p < 0.01.

Figure 2 Path analysis results. ***p < 0.001, **p < 0.01.

Table 4 Standardized Direct, Indirect, and Total Effects

	Point Estimate	Product of Coefficients		Bootstrapping
				Percentile 95% CI		Bias-Corrected 95% CI		Two-Tailed Significance
		SE	Z	Lower	Upper	Lower	Upper
Direct Effects
MF→OE	−0.32	0.11	2.89	−0.54	−0.11	−0.52	−0.10	0.001**
SC→OE	0.41	0.09	4.45	0.21	0.57	0.23	0.58	0.000***
CSA→SC	0.45	0.08	5.39	0.27	0.59	0.28	0.59	0.000***
Indirect Effects
MF→OE	−0.16	0.04	3.63	−0.25	−0.076	−0.26	−0.09	0.000***
CSA→OEE	0.18	0.06	3.07	0.07	0.30	0.08	0.31	0.001**
Total Effects
MF→OE	−0.48	0.10	4.93	−0.66	−0.28	−0.64	−0.26	0.000***
CSA→OE	0.18	0.06	3.07	0.07	0.30	0.08	0.31	0.001**

Notes: The direct, indirect, and total effects of the variables with standardized estimation of 5000 bootstrap samples; **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001.

Data Sharing Statement

The data can be made available on reasonable request from the corresponding author.