Parental Pressure on Child Body Image, BMI, Body Image Dissatisfaction Associated with Eating Disorders in School-Age Children in China: A Path Analysis

Figures & data

Table 1 Comparisons of PPCBI, BID, EDs, BMI and Age Between Genders ()

Pubertal Development Stages	Variables	Boys (N=262)	Girls (N=224)	t value	p value
Before puberty initiation	PPCBI score	26.3±11.6	24.9±10.6	0.74	0.46
	BID score	25.8±13.4	23.2±8.9	1.27	0.21
	ED score	182.3±50.8	164.1±58.1	−2.13	0.04
	BMI	19.3±4.7	20.9±7.1	−1.70	0.09
	Age	9.8±1.3	9.3±1.2	2.53	0.01
After puberty initiation	PPCBI score	27.0±11.5	25.7±11.6	1.00	0.32
	BID score	25.9±12.9	25.4±13.5	0.32	0.75
	ED score	184.9±47.1	178.7±48.6	−1.14	0.25
	BMI	19.8±4.4	19.7±4.0	0.22	0.83
	Age	12.1±1.4	12.0±1.6	0.81	0.42

Notes: Compared Between Genders, the difference was significant. P < 0.05.

Abbreviations: PPCBI, Parental pressure on children’s body image; BID, Body image dissatisfaction; EDs, Eating disorders; BMI, Body mass index.

Table 2 Correlation Coefficients Between PPCBI, BID, EDs and BMI

Variables	PPCBI	BID	EDs	BMI
Boys before puberty initiation
PPCBI	1
BID	0.401**	1
EDs	0.420**	0.388**	1
BMI	0.399**	0.490**	0.372**	1
Girls before puberty initiation
PPCBI	1
BID	0.520**	1
EDs	0.084	0.331*	1
BMI	0.167	0.323*	0.141	1
Boys after puberty initiation
PPCBI	1
BID	0.459**	1
EDs	0.174	0.461**	1
BMI	0.196*	0.433**	0.185*	1
Girls after puberty initiation
PPCBI	1
BID	0.524**	1
EDs	0.331**	0.454**	1
BMI	0.219**	0.416**	0.132	1

Notes: *P<0.05, **P<0.01.

Abbreviations: PPCBI, Parental pressure on children’s body image; BID, Body image dissatisfaction; BMI, Body mass index; EDs, Eating disorders.

Table 3 The Results of Multiple Linear Regression of Association Among PPCBI, BMI, BID and EDs Among Children and Adolescent at Different Development Stages

Dependent Variable	Independent Variable	B	SE	Beta	t value	P value	95% CI
Boys before puberty initiation
EDs	BID	0.92	0.37	0.24	2.47	0.015	0.69	2.00
	BMI	2.53	1.07	0.23	2.37	0.020	0.58	4.53
	PPCBI	1.72	0.38	0.39	4.48	0.000	0.51	2.12
BID	BMI	1.10	0.25	0.38	4.44	0.000	0.61	1.59
	PPCBI	0.31	0.10	0.27	3.04	0.003	0.11	0.51
BMI	PPCBI	0.16	0.04	0.39	4.46	0.011	0.09	0.23
Girls before puberty initiation
EDs	BID	2.15	0.92	0.35	2.33	0.025	0.52	3.91
BID	PPCBI	0.40	0.10	0.48	3.95	0.000	0.20	0.60
Boys after puberty initiation
EDs	BID	1.83	0.32	0.47	5.77	0.000	1.12	2.20
BID	PPCBI	0.44	0.08	0.39	5.63	0.000	0.29	0.60
	BMI	1.02	0.21	0.34	4.87	0.000	0.60	1.43
BMI	PPCBI	0.07	0.03	0.20	2.43	0.016	0.01	0.14
Girls after puberty initiation
EDs	BID	1.67	0.28	0.45	6.03	0.000	0.84	1.85
BID	PPCBI	0.53	0.07	0.46	7.23	0.000	0.39	0.68
	BMI	1.06	0.21	0.32	5.02	0.000	0.64	1.48
BMI	PPCBI	0.08	0.03	0.22	2.90	0.004	0.02	0.13

Abbreviations: PPCBI, Parental pressure on children’s body image; BID, Body image dissatisfaction; BMI, Body mass index; EDs, Eating disorders.

Figure 1 Preliminary association pathways among PPCBI, BMI, Bid, EDs.

Abbreviations: PPCBI, parental pressure on children’s body image; BMI, body mass index; BID, body image dissatisfaction; EDs, eating disorders.

Table 4 Pathways Model Fitting Indices Recommended Indexes

Model Index	Before Puberty Initiation		After Puberty Initiation		Recommended Index
	Boys	Girls	Boys	Girls
X^2/DF	2.984	0.014	0.125	1.796	<3.0
GFI	0.987	1.000	0.999	0.990	>0.9
AGFI	0.870	0.999	0.996	0.948	>0.8
SRMR	0.039	0.005	0.011	0.037	<0.05
NFI	0.965	0.999	0.997	0.969	>0.9
TLI	0.874	1.150	1.057	0.957	>0.9
CFI	0.974	1.000	1.000	0.986	>0.9

Abbreviations: X²/DF, Chi-square/free ratio; GFI, Goodness-of-fit index; AGFI, Adjusted goodness-of-fit index; SRMR, Standardized root mean square residual; NFI, Standard fit index; TLI, Tucker-Lewis index; CFI Comparative fit index.

Table 5 Indirect Coefficients of Association Pathways Among PPCBI, BMI, BID, EDs in Children and Adolescents at Different Development Stages

Association Pathways	β	SE	P	95% CI
Boys before puberty initiation
PPCBI→BMI→BID→EDs	0.035	0.013	0.002	0.014	0.067
PPCBI→BID→EDs	0.059	0.028	0.009	0.014	0.126
Boys after puberty initiation
PPCBI→BMI→BID→EDs	0.032	0.019	0.011	0.005	0. 078
PPCBI→BID→EDs	0.175	0.049	0.000	0.092	0.284
Girls before puberty initiation
PPCBI→BID→EDs	0.176	0.063	0.003	0.065	0.309
Girls after puberty initiation
PPCBI→BMI→BID→EDs	0.026	0.011	0.003	0.009	0.056
PPCBI→BID→EDs	0.172	0.061	0.000	0.069	0.303

Abbreviations: PPCBI, Parental pressure on children’s body image; BID, Body image dissatisfaction; BMI, Body mass index; EDs, Eating disorders.

Figure 2 Fitting of association pathways among PPCBI, BMI, Bid, EDs.

Notes: *P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001.

Abbreviations: PPCBI, parental pressure on children’s body image; BMI, body mass index; BID, body image dissatisfaction; EDs, eating disorders.