Effects of Physical Activity on Mobile Phone Addiction Among College Students: The Chain-Based Mediating Role of Negative Emotion and E-Health Literacy

Figures & data

Figure 1 Hypothetical model diagram.

Table 1 Physical Exercise, Mobile Phone Addiction, Negative Emotions, and E-Health Literacy by Mann–Whitney U-Test for Gender and Kruskal–Wallis H-Test for Grade Level (M±SD)

Variables	Physical Activity	Mobile Phone Addiction	Negative Emotions	E-Health Literacy
Mann–Whitney U	2133319.000	2,140,384.000	2,128,156.500	2,227,407.000
Wilcoxon W	5212240.000	3,980,705.000	3,968,477.500	5,306,328.000
Z	−5.905	−5.725	−6.023	−3.712
Asymptotic saliency (two-tailed)	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000
Card Parties	4.63	22.105	22.493	29.315
df	2	2	2	2
Progressive Significance	0.099	0.000	0.000	0.000
Male	14.59±18.36	41.09±14.45	16.32±14.23	28.55±7.94
Female	17.56±20.37	38.5±13.41	13.48±12.20	29.52±7.15
First Year	14.84±17.59	41.09±13.31	15.67±12.71	28.22±7.27
Second Year	16.27±20.04	39.58±14.40	14.96±13.87	29.26±7.81
Third Year	18.45±21.00	36.53±14.04	11.96±12.19	30.66±6.87

Table 2 Spearman Correlation Analysis of Each Variable

Variables	a	b	c	d	e	f	g	h	i	j	k
Physical exercise	1
Withdrawal symptoms	−0.606**	1
Protrusive behavior	−0.607**	0.797**	1
Social soothing	−0.587**	0.731**	0.679**	1
Mood alteration	−0.589**	0.794**	0.807**	0.703**	1
Mobile phone addiction	−0.664**	0.939**	0.899**	0.842**	0.900**	1
Depression	−0.626**	0.746**	0.755**	0.690**	0.739**	0.811**	1
Anxiety	−0.622**	0.752**	0.749**	0.701**	0.745**	0.814**	0.882**	1
Stress	−0.616**	0.763**	0.758**	0.707**	0.753**	0.824**	0.891**	0.903**	1
Negative emotion	−0.646**	0.784**	0.782**	0.727**	0.773**	0.850**	0.953**	0.959**	0.968**	1
E-health literacy	0.560**	−0.657**	−0.675**	−0.595**	−0.656**	−0.714**	−0.730**	−0.727**	−0.735**	−0.759**	1

Notes: a=physical activity; b=withdrawal symptoms; c=protrusive behavior; d=social soothing; e=mood alteration; f= mobile phone addiction; g=depression; h=anxiety; i=stress; j=negative emotion; k= e-health literacy; **P < 0.01.

Figure 2 Results of pathway analysis of physical activity, mobile phone addiction, negative emotions, and e-health literacy.

Note: ***P < 0.001.

Table 3 Mediating Effect Test Between Physical Exercise and Mobile Phone Addiction Among College Students

Path	Effect Value	Bootstrap SE	Bootstrap 95% CI	Relative Intermediary Effect %
Physical exercise→Negative emotion →Mobile phone addiction	−0.082	0.004	[−.090, −0.074]	41.2%
Physical exercise →E-health literacy→Mobile phone addiction	−0.004	0.002	[−.008, −0.001]	2.0%
Physical exercise →Negative emotion →E-health literacy→Mobile phone addiction	−0.005	0.003	[−.009, −0.001]	2.5%
Total indirect effect between physical exercise and mobile phone addiction	−0.091	0.011	[−.373, −0.332]	45.7%
Direct effect	−0.107	0.011	[−.114, −0.101]	53.8%
Total effect	−0.199	0.013	[−.205, −0.193]	100%