Why is Smartphone Addiction More Common in Adolescents with Harsh Parenting? Depression and Experiential Avoidance‘s Multiple Mediating Roles

Figures & data

Figure 1 Assumption model of the current study.

Table 1 Difference Comparison Results of Each Variable

	Non-Smartphone Addiction (M ±SD)	Smartphone Addiction (M ±SD)	t	Cohen’s d
Harsh Parenting	1.99±0.907	2.20±0.849	2.456*	0.240
Depression	2.03±0.764	2.33±0.889	3.601***	0.356
Experiential Avoidance	3.77±1.418	4.32±1.651	3.601***	0.356

Note: *P <0.05, ***P <0.001.

Table 2 Lists All of the Variables’ Descriptive Statistics and Correlations (N = 456)

	M	SD	1	2	3	4	5	6	7
1. Harsh Parenting	2.07	0.891	1	–	–	–	–	–	–
2. Depression	2.14	0.823	0.357**	1	–	–	–	–	–
3. Experiential Avoidance	3.09	1.415	0.385**	0.693**	1	–	–	–	–
4. Smartphone Addiction	2.89	0.925	0.134**	0.288**	0.303**	1	–	–	–
5. Age	13.20	0.846	−0.093*	0.032	0.107*	0.189**	1	–	–
6. Gender	1.47	0.500	0.030	0.243**	0.140**	0.010	−0.074	1	–
7. Grade	2.00	0.812	−0.085	0.067	0.129**	0.186**	0.859**	−0.005	1

Note: *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01.

Abbreviations: M, mean; SD, standard deviation, Gender was dummy coded, which zero standing for male, and one standing for female.

Table 3 Testing the Multiple Mediation Model’s Routes (N = 456)

Effect	β	SE	BCa 95% CI
			Lower	Upper
Direct effects
Harsh Parenting → Depression	0.358***	0.043	0.274	0.441
Harsh Parenting → Experiential Avoidance	0.169***	0.036	0.099	0.238
Harsh Parenting → Smartphone Addiction	0.027	0.049	−0.069	0.122
Depression → Experiential Avoidance	0.632***	0.037	0.561	0.704
Depression → Smartphone Addiction	0.170**	0.063	0.046	0.293
Experiential Avoidance → Smartphone Addiction	0.164**	0.036	0.040	0.287
Indirect effects
Harsh Parenting → Depression → Smartphone Addiction	0.061	0.024	0.015	0.108
Harsh Parenting → Experiential Avoidance → Smartphone Addiction	0.028	0.013	0.006	0.070
Harsh Parenting → Depression→ Experiential Avoidance → Smartphone Addiction	0.037	0.016	0.001	0.070

Note: **p < 0.01. ***p < 0.001.

Figure 2 The multiple mediation model. **p <0.01. ***p < 0.001.