Other-Oriented Empathetic Concern as the Underlying Factor of Extrinsic Emotion Regulation Motives and Its Positive Application for Social Well-Being

Figures & data

Table 1 Model Fit Indices for Bifactor Exploratory Factor Analysis

Model (N = 464)	S-Bχ^2 (df)	p	CFI	RMSEA [90% CI]	SRMR
M1 One general and one specific factor	1506.02(298)	<0.001	0.823	0.093 [0.089, 0.098]	0.055
M2 One general and two specific factors	1137.52(273)	<0.001	0.873	0.083 [0.078, 0.088]	0.042
M3 One general and three specific factors	847.43(249)	<0.001	0.912	0.072 [0.067, 0.077]	0.034

Abbreviations: N, number of participants; S-Bχ², Satorra-Bentler scaled Chi-square; df, degree of freedom; p, p value; CFI, comparative fit Index; RMSEA, root mean square error of approximation; 90% CI, 90% confidence interval for the RMSEA; SRMR, standardized root mean square residual.

Table 2 Standardized Factor Loadings for the Four-Factor EFA Model and the Best-Fit Bi-EFA Model

Item	EFA (N=464)				Bi-EFA (N=464)
	1	2	3	4	G-Factor	Self-Oriented	Obligation	Reciprocation
I do not like seeing others feel distressed.	0.28	0.01	0.21	0.28	0.55^a	−0.05	0.21	0.11
2. Their distress is making me uncomfortable	0.03	0.23	0.29	0.31	0.53	0.21	0.20	0.18
5. Helping others with their problems makes me feel good.	0.30	−0.04	0.43	0.24	0.66	−0.11	0.22	0.28
7. Their emotions might negatively affect others around them.	0.25	0.33	0.21	0.08	0.63	0.15	−0.03	0.13
8. Helping others is an important part of who I am.	0.43	−0.02	0.22	0.16	0.62	−0.15	0.13	0.12
13. It makes my life easier when they are not upset.	0.41	0.35	0.05	0.14	0.72	0.13	0.00	−0.01
14. I always try to make others feel better when they are feeling down.	0.55	0.02	0.14	0.25	0.74	−0.13	0.16	0.04
16. I knew they would help me if I were in their situation.	0.65	−0.02	0.05	0.02	0.64	−0.25	−0.02	−0.01
17. I love and care about them.	0.87	−0.07	−0.07	0.00	0.72	−0.36	−0.04	−0.12
18. I want those around me to be happy.	0.85	0.03	−0.01	−0.09	0.76	−0.32	−0.13	−0.06
19. I do not want to be around people experiencing negative emotions.	0.47	0.39	0.07	−0.26	0.60	0.03	−0.32	0.04
20. My life is easier when the people around me are not upset.	0.49	0.53	−0.04	−0.21	0.67	0.13	−0.32	−0.05
22. I feel like it is the right thing to do.	0.50	0.08	0.17	0.04	0.65	−0.13	−0.01	0.09
23. It is in my best interest to reduce their negative emotions.	0.28	0.49	0.00	0.06	0.62	0.25	−0.09	−0.03
24. I consider myself to be an empathetic and compassionate person.	0.56	0.07	0.12	0.09	0.69	−0.15	0.03	0.04
26. Their feelings are important to me.	0.38	0.23	−0.10	0.32	0.62	0.10	0.17	−0.13
28. My relationship to them makes me feel obligated to help them.	0.56	0.00	0.03	0.21	0.64	−0.17	0.16	−0.04
3. When other people are upset, it is harder for me to do what I want to do.	−0.04	0.32	0.07	0.46	0.47	0.35	0.29	0.01
12. Their emotions make me feel bad too.	0.02	0.52	0.10	0.24	0.56	0.43	0.04	0.06
21. Their emotions have a negative impact on me.	0.08	0.79	−0.02	−0.02	0.57	0.51	−0.23	−0.02
25. Their negative emotions stress me out.	−0.08	0.77	−0.07	0.17	0.48	0.60	−0.05	−0.06
4. I feel obligated to make others feel better.	0.17	0.02	0.01	0.63	0.51	0.10	0.53	−0.07
6. I genuinely care about the well-being of others.	0.41	−0.01	0.07	0.43	0.65	−0.06	0.34	−0.02
15. I felt responsible for making them feel better.	0.39	0.03	−0.04	0.50	0.62	0.00	0.37	−0.11
9. I would want someone to do the same for me in that situation.	−0.01	0.12	0.83	0.01	0.62	0.05	0.00	0.63
10. I would hope they would make me feel better in the future.	0.16	0.14	0.65	−0.02	0.66	0.00	−0.05	0.48
11. They have helped me in the past so I should help them now.	0.45	−0.06	0.44	−0.10	0.61	−0.26	−0.07	0.30
27. I do not want them to take out their negative feelings on me.	−0.03	0.56	0.10	−0.23

Note: ^aThe factor loadings greater than 0.30 were in bold.

Abbreviations: EFA, exploratory factor analysis; N, number of participants; Bi-EFA, bifactor exploratory factor analysis; G-factor, general factor.

Figure 1 The best-fit bifactor exploratory factor analysis model.

Table 3 Means, Standard Deviation, and Correlation Between Factors of EERMS and Moral Identity, Peer Relationship, and Perceived Social Support (N=298)

Factors	M	SD	Total EERMS	SO	OB	INT	SYB	PR	PSS
1. Total EERMS	120.54	15.82	1			0.47**	0.38**	0.43**	0.33**
2. Self-oriented	3.98	0.87	0.71**	1		0.16**	0.14*	0.05	0.05
3. Obligation	4.03	0.76	0.72**	0.44**	1	0.30**	0.34**	0.25**	0.21**
4. Reciprocation	4.91	0.91	0.68**	0.33**	0.29**	0.37**	0.22**	0.32**	0.28**

Note: **p< 0.01.

Abbreviations: EERMS, the Extrinsic Emotion Regulation Motives Scale; N, number of participants; M, mean; SD, standard deviation; SO, self-oriented; OB, obligation; INT, internalization; SYB, symbolization; PR, peer relationship; PSS, perceived social support.