Effects of Wisdom on Mental Health in Old Age: Exploring the Pathways Through Developmental Tasks Attainment and Self-Rated Health

Figures & data

Table 1 Sociodemographic Characteristics in the Study Sample (N = 381)

Variable	n	%
Sex
Male	161	42.3
Female	220	57.7
Age (range)
60–66	178	46.7
67–86	203	53.3
Education
Primary and secondary vocational education	40	10.5
High school education	193	50.7
Higher education	148	38.8
Marital status
Single	138	36.2
Married	243	63.8
Place of residence
Village	70	18.4
Small town	158	41.5
Large city	153	40.2

Abbreviation: n, number of participants.

Table 2 Descriptive Statistics and Correlation Matrix for the Variables in the Study

Variables	M	SD	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11
1. Personal Wellbeing	6.39	1.84	–
2. Depressive symptoms	4.16	3.98	−0.67**	–
3. Wisdom – total score	3.17	0.43	0.35**	−0.48**	–
4. Cognitive wisdom	2.93	0.52	0.11*	−0.26**	0.82**	–
5. Compassionate wisdom	3.22	0.47	0.30**	−0.37**	0.83**	0.53**	–
6. Reflective wisdom	3.37	0.55	0.47**	−0.57**	0.86**	0.52**	0.60**	–
7. Developmental tasks attainment – total score	55.59	8.79	0.62**	−0.52**	0.31**	0.07	0.24**	0.47**	–
8. Acceptance of ones’ life	18.41	3.87	0.70**	−0.70**	0.41**	0.16**	0.29**	0.57**	0.85**	–
9. Adaptation	19.25	2.76	0.46**	−0.35**	0.26**	0.04	0.25**	0.34**	0.79**	0.59**	–
10. Acceptance of passing	17.93	4.06	0.36**	−0.23**	0.11*	−0.04	0.07	0.24**	0.82**	0.48**	0.47**	–
11. Self-rated health	5.94	2.08	0.46**	−0.47**	0.18**	0.06	0.16**	0.23**	0.16**	0.35**	0.03	−0.02	–

Notes: **p < 0.01; *p < 0.05.

Abbreviations: M, mean; SD, standard deviation.

Table 3 Summary of the Multiple Regression Analysis for Variables Predicting Personal Wellbeing and Depressive Symtoms

Variable	Personal Wellbeing			Depressive Symptoms
	B	SE B	β	B	SE B	β
Demographics
Sex	0.12	0.15	0.03	0.18	0.32	0.02
Age	0.00	0.01	−0.01	−0.04	0.03	−0.05
Education	−0.13	0.11	−0.05	−0.19	0.23	−0.03
Marital status	0.22	0.15	0.06	−0.77	0.32	−0.09*
Place of living	0.04	0.09	0.01	−0.38	0.20	−0.07
Self-rated health	0.31	0.03	0.35**	−0.68	0.07	−0.35**
Wisdom - overall	0.57	0.17	0.13**	−2.81	0.36	−0.30**
Developmental tasks attainment - overall	0.11	0.01	0.53**	−0.16	0.02	−0.36**
R^2	0.53			0.53
F	53.53**			51.92**

Notes: **p < 0.01; *p < 0.05.

Abbreviations: B, non-standardized regression coefficients; SE B, non-standardized regression coefficients error; β, standardized regression coefficient; R², determination coefficient; F, value of F-statistic.

Figure 1 Results of Structural Equation Modelling.

Note: **p <0.01.