Depression Among University Students in Jordan After the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Study

Figures & data

Table 1 Participants’ Demographics Characteristics

	Frequency	Percent
Age range
18–20	171	32
21–23	246	46
≥=24	118	22.1
Gender
Female	388	72.5
Male	147	27.5
Nationality
Jordanian	499	93.3
Non-Jordanian	36	6.7
Faculty
Faculty of Engineering	120	22.4
Faculty of Medicine	79	14.8
Faculty of Computer and Information Technology	70	13.1
Faculty of Pharmacy	51	9.5
Faculty of Graduate Studies	50	9.3
Faculty of Dentistry	43	8.0
Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences	41	7.7
Faculty of Science and Art	28	5.2
Faculty of Agriculture	19	3.6
Faculty of Architecture and Design	17	3.2
Faculty of Nursing	13	2.4
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine	4	0.7
Residence Nature
With family	453	84.7
Not with family	82	15.3
Academic performance
Fair	5	0.9
Good	64	12
Very good	207	38.7
Excellent	259	48.4
Smoking
Smoker	78	14.6
Ex-smoker	16	3
Not smoker	441	82.4
Coffee Consumption
Non Coffee drinker	240	44.9
Drink 1 to 2 cups per day	195	36.4
Drink 3 or more cups per day	100	18.7
Energy Drinks Consumption
Consuming energy drinks	110	20.6
Not consuming energy drinks	425	79.4
Do you exercise?
No	322	60.2
Yes	213	39.8
Have you ever been infected with Coronavirus (COVID-19) before?
Yes	246	46
NO	289	54
Have you ever had any evaluation of your psychological state by specialists?
Yes	58	10.8
NO	477	89.2
Have you ever been diagnosed with any mental illness (such as depression, frustration, sadness, etc.)
Yes	82	15.3
NO	453	84.7
How difficult have these problems made it for you to do your work, take care of things at home, or get along with other people?
Not difficult at all	84	15.7
Somewhat difficult	295	55.1
Very and extremely difficult	156	29.2

Figure 1 Percentages of depression according to severity.

Table 2 Depression Score Stratified by Participants’ Demographic Characteristics

Factor	Mean (SD)	P-value
Age range (years)
1- (18–20)	15.35 (6.84)
2- 21–23	13.87 (7.26)	0.00
3- ≥24	12 (6.81)
Gender
Female	14.41 (6.90)	0.01
Male	12.65 (7.54)
Nationality
Jordanian	14.08 (7.07)	0.06
Non-Jordanian	11.81 (7.51)
Faculty
1-Faculty of Medicine	10.15 (6.75)	0.00
2-Faculty of Dentistry	15.02 (6.48)
3-Faculty of Pharmacy	14.71 (7.17)
4-Faculty of Nursing	14.60 (6.69)
5-Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences	13.71 (6.48)
6-Faculty of Computer and Information Technology	14.46 (6.73)
7-Faculty of Architecture and Design	16.18 (5.62)
8-Faculty of Agriculture	14.21 (5.84)
9-Faculty of Engineering	15.24 (7.46)
10-Faculty of Science and Art	16.86 (6.32)
11-Faculty of Veterinary Medicine	16.00 (11.69)
12-Faculty of Graduate Studies	11.62 (7.22)
Residence nature
With family	13.99 (7.11)	0.5
Not with family	13.60 (7.19)
Academic performance
Fair	19.20 (7.05)	0.19
Good	14.98 (7.33)
Very good	13.92 (7.28)
Excellent	13.58 (6.91)
Smoking
Non smoker	13.85 (7.01)	0.26
Ex-smoker	11.81 (9.88)
Current smoker	14.82 (7.08)
Coffee consumption
Non drinker	13.44 (7.30)	0.07
Light drinker (1–2 cups per day)	13.80 (7.18)
Heavy drinker (3 or more cups per day)	15.37 (6.41)
Energy drink consumption
Not consuming energy drinks	13.57 (7.10)	0.02
Consuming energy drinks	15.33 (7.04)
Practicing exercise.
No	14.49 (7.11)	0.02
Yes	13.08 (7.07)
Previous Coronavirus (COVID-19) infection.
No	14.14 (7.07)	0.47
Yes	13.69 (7.19)
Previous psychological evaluation by a specialists.
No	13.71 (7.12)	0.04
Yes	15.71 (6.95)
Diagnosis with any mental illness.
No	13.37 (7.06)	0.00
Yes	17.04 (6.66)
Difficulty encountered at home, work, on dealing with people.
Not difficult at all	6.7 (5.60)	0.00
Somehow difficult	12.95 (5.91)
Very or extremely difficult	19.68 (5.32)

Figure 2 Depression score according to the college of students.

Table 3 Binary Logistic Regression Analysis

Variable	Odds Ratio of Having Higher Depression Score	p-value
Age range
18–20 (Reference group)	1.00
21–23	1.08 (0.77–1.52)	0.661
≥24	0.54 (0.36–0.83)	0.004**
Gender
Males (Reference group)	1.00	0.122
Females	1.35 (0.92–1.98)
Nationality
Jordanian (Reference group)	1.00	0.213
Non-Jordanian	0.64 (0.32–1.29)
Residence Nature
With family (Reference group)	1.00	0.459
Not with family	1.14 (0.81–1.61)
Academic performance
Fair (Reference group)	1.00
Good	1.39 (0.82–2.36)	0.216
Very good	0.99 (0.70–1.40)	0.947
Excellent	0.84 (0.60–1.18)	0.313
Smoking
Smoker (Reference group)	1.00
Ex-smoker	0.62 (0.22–1.72)	0.356
Not smoker	1.26 (0.78–2.03)	0.352
Coffee Consumption
Non Coffee drinker (Reference group)	1.00
Drink 1 to 2 cups per day	0.95 (0.67–1.36)	0.788
Drink 3 or more cups per day	1.56 (1.01–2.43)	0.046*
Energy Drinks Consumption
Not consuming energy drinks (Reference group)	1.00
Light consumption	1.64 (0.99–2.69)	0.053
Heavy consumption	1.18 (0.60–2.32)	0.637
Do you exercise?
No (Reference group)	1.00	0.019*
Yes	0.66 (0.47–0.93)
Have you ever been infected with Coronavirus (COVID-19) before?
No (Reference group)	1.00	0.438
Yes	0.87 (0.62–1.23)
Have you ever had any evaluation of your psychological state by specialists?
No (Reference group)	1.00	0.004**
Yes	2.34 (1.31–4.16)
Have you ever been diagnosed with any mental illness (such as depression, frustration, sadness, etc.)
No (Reference group)	1.00	<0.001
Yes	3.16 (1.89–5.29)

Notes: *p<0.05; **p<0.01.