Safety Stressors and Coal Miners’ Safety Performance: The Mediating Role of Resilience and Coping Styles

Figures & data

Figure 1 Conceptual framework and hypothesis.

Table 1 Demographic Characteristics of the Respondents (N=364)

Characteristics	Items	Frequency	Percentage (%)
Gender	Male	364	100.00
	Female	0	0.00
Age	Below 30	84	23.08
	31–40	216	59.34
	41–50	48	13.19
	More than 51	16	4.40
Marital status	Unmarried	74	20.33
	Married	290	79.67
Work experience	Below 5 years	27	7.42
	5–10 years	68	18.68
	11–20 years	115	31.59
	21–30 years	102	28.02
	More than 30 years	52	14.29
Educational	Secondary school or below	33	9.07
Background	High school	62	17.03
	Junior college	196	53.85
	Undergraduate and above	73	20.05

Note: Item high school including technical secondary school and technical school.

Table 2 Results of Reliability and Validity Testing

Variables	Indicators	Cronbach’s Alpha	CR	SFL
SRA	SRA1	0.895	0.895	0.793
	SRA2			0.771
	SRA3			0.782
	SRA4			0.817
	SRA5			0.804
SRC	SRC1	0.934	0.934	0.837
	SRC2			0.761
	SRC3			0.785
	SRC4			0.76
	SRC5			0.763
	SRC6			0.784
	SRC7			0.759
	SRC8			0.803
	SRC9			0.792
ISC	ISC1	0.918	0.918	0.854
	ISC2			0.86
	ISC3			0.844
	ISC4			0.873
PR	PR1	0.936	0.937	0.739
	PR2			0.759
	PR3			0.761
	PR4			0.728
	PR5			0.737
	PR6			0.714
	PR7			0.602
	PR8			0.614
	PR9			0.777
	PR10			0.745
	PR11			0.753
	PR12			0.772
	PR13			0.764
PCS	PCS1	0.937	0.911	0.785
	PCS2			0.776
	PCS3			0.743
	PCS4			0.754
	PCS5			0.727
	PCS6			0.746
	PCS7			0.715
	PCS8			0.744
NCS	NCS1	0.919	0.919	0.823
	NCS2			0.766
	NCS3			0.769
	NCS4			0.726
	NCS5			0.774
	NCS6			0.742
	NCS7			0.755
	NCS8			0.772
SC	SC1	0.806	0.77	0.729
	SC2			0.694
	SC3			0.754
SP	SP1	0.844	0.838	0.633
	SP2			0.811
	SP3			0.771
	SP4			0.78

Table 3 Means, SD, and Correlation Coefficients Among Variables

Variables	M	SD	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8
1. SRA	2.7505	1.07441	0.794
2. SRC	2.823	1.04459	0.669**	0.783
3. ISC	2.7802	1.2169	0.619**	0.654**	0.858
4. PCS	3.4744	0.93437	−0.318**	−0.344**	−0.440**	0.749
5. NPS	2.6648	0.99259	0.378**	0.450**	0.460**	−0.420**	0.766
6. PR	3.506	0.81496	−0.278**	−0.296**	−0.334**	0.473**	−0.278**	0.73
7. SC	3.7095	0.86338	−0.521**	−0.489**	−0.541**	0.585**	−0.470**	0.656**	0.726
8. SP	3.3553	1.11593	−0.454**	−0.504**	−0.514**	0.517**	−0.536**	0.433**	0.656**	0.752

Notes: **p < 0.01; Diagonal bold font indicates the square root of AVE.

Table 4 Results of the Regression Analysis

Control variables	SC			SP			PR				SC	SP
	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3	Model 4	Model 5	Model 6	Model 7		Model 8	Model 9	Model 10	Model 11
Age	0.89	0.13	0.051	0.22	0.136	0.181	0.039		−0.001	0.021	0.021	0.119
Edu	−0.87	−0.091	−0.059	−0.019	−0.031	0.013	−0.281***		−0.287***	−0.267***	−0.267***	0.193***
Exp	−0.36	−0.035	−0.053	−0.005	−0.002	−0.025	−0.056		−0.054	−0.065	−0.065	0.023
Mar	0.57	0.104	0.131	−0.014	−0.033	0.07	0.339		0.148	−0.059	−0.059	0.109
Independent Variables
SRA	−0.43***			−0.497***			−0.235***
SRC		−0.409***			−0.546***				−0.252***
ISC			−0.388***			−0.481***				−0.224***
PCS
NCS
PR											0.736***	0.645***
R-sq	0.289	0.249	0.305	0.227	0.263	0.269	0.157		0.178	0.182	0.182	0.211
F	2.135	1.214	1.617	2.412*	1.1	1.770	9.81***		9.889***	9.06***	9.06***	2.707*
Dependent variable	PCS			NCS			SC		SP		PCS	NCS
Control variables	Model 12	Model 13	Model 14	Model 15	Model 16	Model 17	Model 18	Model 19	Model 20	Model 21	Model 22	Model 23
Age	0.147	0.095	0.131	−0.007	0.05	0.015	−0.049	0.023	0.061	0.153	0.088	0.065
Edu	−0.083	−0.09	−0.065	−0.022	−0.009	−0.043	−0.018	−0.071	0.06	−0.007	0.092	−0.154**
Exp	0.035	0.036	0.022	−0.025	−0.028	−0.01	−0.061	−0.053	−0.034	−0.026	0.063	−0.04
Mar	−0.062	−0.071	−0.01	−0.096	−0.074	−0.155	0.137	0.67	0.077	−0.024	0.023	−0.178
Independent variable
SRA	−0.303***			0.350***
SRC		−0.320***			0.425***
ISC			−0.348***			0.375***
PCS							0.546***		0.619***
NCS								−0.412***		−0.608***
PR											0.571***	−0.387***
R-sq	0.128	0.138	2.313	0.146	0.205	0.217	0.353	0.231	0.296	0.272	0.241	0.101
F	2.821*	2.017	0.214	0.232	0.242	0.586	191.287***	103.669***	147.601***	130.62***	107.999***	37.193***

Notes: *p < 0.05. ***p < 0.001.

Table 5 Total, Direct, and Indirect Effects of Safety Stressors on Safety Performance

1, SAR -> SC
Effects	Paths	Effect	Bootstrap SE	Bootstrap 95% CI	Effect Proportion
Total effect	SRA->SC	−0.4331	0.0364	−0.5048 to −0.3615	100.00%
Direct effect	SRA->SC	−0.2132	0.0293	−0.2708 to −0.1557	49.23%
Indirect effects	SRA->PR->SC	−0.1116	0.0248	−0.1642 to −0.0662	25.77%
	SRA->PCS->SC	−0.0398	0.0138	−0.0706 to −0.0169	9.19%
	SRA->NPS->SC	−0.0362	0.0121	−0.0625 to −0.0155	8.36%
	SRA->PR->PCS->SC	−0.0245	0.0075	−0.0413 to −0.0119	5.66%
	SRA->PR->NPS->SC	−0.0078	0.0034	−0.0156 to −0.0024	1.80%
2, SRC -> SC
Total effect	SRC->SC	−0.4088	0.0381	−0.4837 to −0.3338	100.00%
Direct effect	SRC->SC	−0.1593	0.032	−0.2221 to −0.0965	38.97%
Indirect effects	SRC->PR->SC	−0.1225	0.027	−0.1795 to −0.0742	29.97%
	SRC->PCS->SC	−0.0451	0.0143	−0.0772 to −0.0204	11.03%
	SRC->NPS->SC	−0.0472	0.0144	−0.0771 to −0.0206	11.55%
	SRC->PR->PCS->SC	−0.0275	0.0084	−0.0465 to −0.0136	6.73%
	SRC->PR->NPS->SC	−0.0072	0.0036	−0.0157 to −0.0019	1.76%
3, ISC -> SC
Total effect	ISC->SC	−0.3884	0.0313	−0.4502 to −0.3267	100.00%
Direct effect	ISC->SC	−0.1616	0.0281	−0.2168 to −0.1064	43.25%
Indirect effects	ISC->PR->SC	−0.1123	0.0236	−0.1619 to −0.0699	26.97%
	ISC->PCS->SC	−0.0485	0.0141	−0.0786 to −0.0232	12.33%
	ISC->NPS->SC	−0.0404	0.0126	−0.0668 to −0.0166	11.40%
	ISC->PR->PCS->SC	−0.0198	0.0066	−0.0344 to −0.0089	4.75%
	ISC->PR->NPS->SC	−0.0059	0.0029	−0.0126 to −0.0014	1.30%
4, SAR -> SP
Total effect	ISC->SC	−0.497	0.0491	−0.5936 to −0.1459	100.00%
Direct effect	ISC->SC	−0.2356	0.0456	−0.3253 to −0.1459	47.40%
Indirect effects	ISC->PR->SC	−0.0612	0.0205	−0.1078 to −0.0272	12.31%
	ISC->PCS->SC	−0.0495	0.0191	−0.0924 to −0.0183	9.96%
	ISC->NPS->SC	−0.0989	0.0237	−0.1490 to −0.0564	19.90%
	ISC->PR->PCS->SC	−0.0305	0.0105	−0.0544 to −0.0130	6.14%
	ISC->PR->NPS->SC	−0.0214	0.008	−0.0393 to −0.0084	4.31%
5, SRC -> SP
Total effect	ISC->SC	−0.5455	0.0488	−0.6415 to −0.4496	100.00%
Direct effect	ISC->SC	−0.2614	0.0479	−0.3556 to −0.1673	47.92%
Indirect effects	ISC->PR->SC	−0.0642	0.021	−0.1115 to −0.0284	11.77%
	ISC->PCS->SC	−0.0531	0.02	−0.0982 to −0.0199	9.73%
	ISC->NPS->SC	−0.1165	0.0272	−0.1731 to −0.0673	21.36%
	ISC->PR->PCS->SC	−0.0324	0.0113	−0.0576 to −0.0135	5.94%
	ISC->PR->NPS->SC	−0.0179	0.0073	−0.0345 to −0.0062	3.28%
6, ISC -> SP
Total effect	ISC->SC	−0.481	0.0413	−0.5623 to −0.3997	100.00%
Direct effect	ISC->SC	−0.2156	0.0427	−0.2997 to −0.1316	44.82%
Indirect effects	ISC->PR->SC	−0.0612	0.0194	−0.1041 to −0.0279	12.72%
	ISC->PCS->SC	−0.0578	0.0215	−0.1051 to −0.0211	12.02%
	ISC->NPS->SC	−0.1072	0.0237	−0.1563 to −0.0631	22.29%
	ISC->PR->PCS->SC	−0.0236	0.0091	−0.0436 to −0.0086	4.91%
	ISC->PR->NPS->SC	−0.0156	0.0066	−0.0304 to −0.0048	3.24%

Figure 2 Mediating roles of resilience and coping styles affect between SRA and SC. ***P < 0.001.

Figure 3 Mediating roles of resilience and coping styles affect between SRC and SC. ***P < 0.001.

Figure 4 Mediating roles of resilience and coping styles affect between ISC and SC. ***P < 0.001.

Figure 5 Mediating roles of resilience and coping styles affect between SRA and SP. ***P < 0.001.

Figure 6 Mediating roles of resilience and coping styles affect between SRC and SP. ***P < 0.001.

Figure 7 Mediating roles of resilience and coping styles affect between ISC and SP. ***P < 0.001.