Positive Effect of Narcissism on Employees’ Whistleblowing: The Role of Felt Accountability and Ethical Environment

Figures & data

Figure 1 Proposed theoretical model.

Table 1 The Means, Standard Deviation, and Correlations Among Study Variables

Variable	Mean	SD	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8
1. Age	30.93	4.65	—
2. Gender^a	0.49	0.50	−0.06	—
3. Work experience	6.67	4.41	0.80**	−0.05	—
4. Enterprise type^b	0.30	0.46	−0.16**	−0.08	−0.14*	—
5. Narcissism	2.56	0.53	−0.12*	−0.05	−0.10	−0.13*	—
6. Felt accountability	4.69	0.74	0.10	−0.03	0.05	−0.13*	0.31**	—
7. Ethical environment	4.95	0.85	0.10	0.03	0.11	−0.12	0.08	0.19**	—
8. Whistlelowing	4.28	1.48	0.15*	0.01	0.12	−0.15*	0.15*	0.27**	0.34**	—

Notes: ^aGender was coded as “0” for males and “1” for females. ^bEnterprise type was coded as “0” for non-state-owned firms and “1” for state-owned firms. **P < 0.01; *P < 0.05.

Table 2 Results of Hierarchical Linear Regression Analyses Predicting Whistleblowing

Variables	M1: Felt Accountability		M2a: Whistleblowing		M2b: Whistleblowing		M2c: Whistleblowing
	B	SE	B	SE	B	SE	B	SE
Age	0.03*	0.02	0.05	0.03	0.03	0.03	0.03	0.03
Gender	−0.02	0.09	0.05	0.18	0.05	0.18	0.04	0.17
Work experience	−0.02	0.02	−0.00	0.03	0.01	0.03	0.00	0.03
Enterprise type	−0.12	0.10	−0.35	0.20	−0.30	0.20	−0.25	0.19
Narcissism	0.44**	0.08	0.44*	0.17	0.25	0.18	0.22	0.17
Felt accountability					0.44**	0.13	0.34**	0.12
Ethical environment							0.51**	0.10
Ethical environment × Felt accountability							−0.29*	0.12
F	7.04**		3.44**		5.00**		8.00**
Adjusted R^2	0.10		0.04		0.08		0.18
∆R^2					0.04		0.10

Notes: **P < 0.01; *P < 0.05.

Figure 2 The moderating effect of ethical environment on the relationship between felt accountability and whistleblowing.