Alleviating the Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Physical, Psychological Health, and Wellbeing of Students: Coping Behavior as a Mediator

Figures & data

Figure 1 Model of the study.

Figure 2 Study Demographics.

Figure 3 PLS-SEM.

Figure 4 Bootstrapping results.

Table 1 Factor Loadings, Construct Reliability and Validity

Constructs/Items	F.L	CA	CR	AVE
Coping Behavior		0.857	0.898	0.638
CB1	0.712
CB2	0.790
CB3	0.854
CB4	0.807
CB5	0.822
COVID-19 Pandemic		0.966	0.975	0.907
CP1	0.949
CP2	0.952
CP3	0.957
CP4	0.951
Lockdown Policy		0.892	0.917	0.648
L-Dp1	0.745
L-Dp2	0.768
L-Dp3	0.807
L-Dp4	0.839
L-Dp5	0.843
L-Dp6	0.825
Overall Wellbeing		0.850	0.893	0.627
O-Wb1	0.776
O-Wb2	0.831
O-Wb3	0.832
O-Wb4	0.816
O-Wb5	0.696
Physical Fitness		0.867	0.904	0.652
PF-1	0.796
PF-2	0.831
PF-3	0.765
PF-4	0.845
PF-5	0.800
Physical Health		0.823	0.876	0.587
Ph-H1	0.733
Ph-H2	0.793
Ph-H3	0.829
Ph-H4	0.757
Ph-H5	0.712
Psychological Health		0.959	0.967	0.830
Ps-H1	0.878
Ps-H2	0.892
Ps-H3	0.936
Ps-H4	0.903
Ps-H5	0.925
Ps-H6	0.930

Table 2 Discriminant Validity: Fornell Larcker (N=2200)

Constructs	CB	P	LDp	O-Wb	PF	PH-H	Ps-H
CB	0.799
P	−0.081	0.952
LDp	−0.355	0.033	0.805
O-Wb	0.552	−0.046	−0.388	0.792
PF	0.632	−0.015	−0.473	0.688	0.808
PH-H	0.547	−0.141	−0.491	0.553	0.590	0.766
Ps-H	−0.087	0.567	0.110	−0.137	−0.095	−0.124	0.911

Table 3 Discriminant Validity (HTMT)

Constructs	CB	P	LDp	O-Wb	PF	PH-H	Ps-H
CB
P	0.091
LDp	0.394	0.071
O-Wb	0.641	0.06	0.435
PF	0.733	0.039	0.527	0.803
PH-H	0.653	0.15	0.555	0.656	0.701
Ps-H	0.098	0.586	0.118	0.155	0.105	0.133

Table 4 Assessment of Structural Model

R-Square	Endogenous Variables	R Square	R Square Adjusted	Criteria
	CB	0.131	0.130	0.26: Substantial 0.13: Moderate, 0.02: Weak
	OW	0.347	0.346
	PA	0.472	0.472
	PH	0.410	0.409
	PsH	0.330	0.329
Effect Size (F-Square)	Exogenous Variables	CB	O--Wb	PF	PH-H	Ps-H	Criteria
	P	0.007	0.012	0.005	0.042	0.475	0.26: Substantial, 0.13: Medium effect, 0.02: Small effect
	CB		0.563	0.722	0.299	0.001
	LDp	0.321	0.008	0.038	0.083	0.007
Collinearity (Inner VIF)	Exogenous Variables	CB	O-Wb	PF	PH-H	Ps-H	Criteria
	P	1.001	1.008	1.008	1.008	1.008	VIF <= 5.0,
	CB		1.325	1.325	1.325	1.325
	LDp	1.001	1.323	1.323	1.323	1.323
Predictive Relevance (Q-Square)	Endogenous Variables	CCR	CCC	Criteria
	CB	0.150	0.471	Value larger than (0) indicates Predictive Relevance
	O-Wb	0.277	0.437
	PF	0.347	0.472
	PH-H	0.243	0.378
	Ps-H	0.271	0.756

Table 5 Model Fit Summary

Fit Indices	Model
SRMR	0.065
d_ULS	2.631
d_G	0.689
Chi-Square	9190.326
NFI	0.821

Table 6 Path Coefficient (Direct Effect) Result

Hypotheses	OS/Beta	T	P Values	Decision
P -> O-Wb	0.000	0.003	0.998	Not Significant
P -> PF	0.037	2.465	0.014	Significant
P -> PH-H	−0.096	5.364	0.000	Significant
P -> Ps-H	0.563	46.271	0.000	Significant
LDp -> O-Wb	−0.221	7.797	0.000	Significant
LDp -> PF	−0.285	10.969	0.000	Significant
LDp -> PH-H	−0.339	11.998	0.000	Significant
LDp -> Ps-H	0.087	5.293	0.000	Significant

Table 7 Mediation (Indirect Effect) Result

Hypotheses	OS/Beta	LL	UL	T	P Values	Decision	Mediation
P -> CB -> O-Wb	−0.033	−0.050	−0.014	3.444	0.001	Significant	Full
LDp -> CB -> O-Wb	−0.167	−0.205	−0.131	8.884	0.000	Significant	Partial
P -> CB -> PF	−0.037	−0.056	−0.016	3.477	0.001	Significant	Partial
LDp -> CB -> PF	−0.188	−0.225	−0.150	9.383	0.000	Significant	Partial
P -> CB -> PH-H	−0.029	−0.044	−0.012	3.458	0.001	Significant	Partial
LDp -> CB -> PH-H	−0.148	−0.184	−0.116	8.446	0.000	Significant	Partial
P -> CB -> Ps-H	0.001	−0.002	0.003	0.582	0.561	Not Significant	No Mediation
LDp -> CB -> Ps-H	0.004	−0.010	0.015	0.582	0.561	Not Significant	No Mediation