Effects of Exercise Habits and Gender on Sports e-Learning Behavior: Evidence from an Eye-Tracking Study

Figures & data

Table 1 Basic Information of the Subjects (M±SD)

Characteristic	Exercise Habit				Gender
	HE (n=30)	n-HE(n=30)	Z	P	M (n=30)	F (n=30)	Z	P
Weekly physical activity/(MET-min·w^−1)	4627.8±1333.7	440±136.5	–6.667	***	2779.4±2601.3	2288.4±1994.3	–0.600	0.415
Age	19.5±0.8	19.6±0.7	–0.432	0.618	19.4±0.8	19.7±0.8	–1.080	0.243
Pretest	1.3±1.4	1.1±1	–0.486	0.390	1.3±1.2	1.1±1.2	–0.540	0.668

Notes: ***=p<0.001.

Abbreviations: HE, Exercise Habits; n-HE, non-Exercise Habits; M, Male; F, Female.

Figure 1 Process of equipment usage.

Figure 2 Visual preference. (a) AOI delineation rules in the Core Learning Content (Skill Explanation), with interpretive text AOI on the left and dynamic video AOI on the right, (b) Fixation dwell time ratio.

Notes: boxes represent mean values; error bars represent the standard deviation.

Abbreviations: AOI, area of interest; HE, exercise habit; n-HE, non-exercise habit.

Figure 3 Eye movement results. (a) Fixation count, (b) Average fixation time, (c) Average pupil diameter, and (d) Blink count.

Notes: Lines in the boxes represent median values; “□” in the boxes represent mean values; boxes range from the 25th to the 75th percentile; vertical lines range from the minimum to the maximum values, with the symbol “⚪” represents; NS means this effect is insignificant; *=p <0.05, **=p<0.01.

Abbreviations: NS, non-significant; HE, exercise habit; n-HE, non-exercise habit.

Table 2 Descriptive Statistics for Learning Tests and Subjective Cognitive Load (M±SD)

		HE(n=30)		n-HE(n=30)
		M (n=15)	F (n=15)	M (n=15)	F (n=15)
Learning outcome	Learning test	11.6±1.8	10.3±1.4	10.1±2.7	8.9±2.8
Subjective cognitive load	Mental effort	5.9±1.4	6.6±2	6.7±1.7	7.9±1.1
	Mental load	3.9±1.1	4.7±1	6±1.9	6.7±1.2

Abbreviations: HE, Exercise Habits; n-HE, non-Exercise Habits; M, Male; F, Female.