Emotional Coping Strategies for Informal Caregivers of Hospitalized Patients: A Study of Distress and Overload

Figures & data

Table 1 Descriptive Statistics

Variable	Mean	Standard Deviation	Welch’s t test Men-Women
1. FSP	11.991	6.236	0.774
2. NSP	8.417	5.817	1.073
3. PR	11.700	5.865	−0.22
4. OEE	7.533	5.763	1.559
5. AVD	10.174	6.065	0.982
6. SSS	10.393	6.572	0.761
7. RLG	9.463	6.863	0.360
8. Depression	9.520	4.912	0.432
9. Anxiety	9.450	4.974	0.594
10. Stress	10.239	4.839	0.487
11. Overload	32.467	14.248	2.106*
12. Competence	10.102	3.909	1.842*
13. Dependency	6.915	3.100	2.112
14. Age	2.217	1.265	−1.58
15. Children	0.609	0.743	−2.69*

Note: *Data represent significance at p < 0.05.

Table 2 Pearson´s Correlations

Variable	Depression	Anxiety	Stress	Overload	Competence	Dependency
FSP	0.214*	0.275*	0.297*	0.213*	0.351*	0.273*
NSP	0.402*	0.426*	0.416*	0.505*	0.379*	0.426*
PR	0.282*	0.324*	0.369*	0.309*	0.397*	0.363*
OEE	0.389*	0.433*	0.416*	0.557*	0.406*	0.464*
AVD	0.332*	0.367*	0.373*	0.390*	0.359*	0.362*
SSS	0.253*	0.311*	0.297*	0.299*	0.378*	0.352*
RLG	0.231*	0.306*	0.245*	0.252*	0.334*	0.337*
Age	−0.159*	−0.112*	−0.075	−0.004	0.018	0.033
Children	−0.105*	−0.123*	−0.096	−0.090	−0.059	−0.077

Note: *Data represent significance at p < 0.05.

Table 3 Multiple Stepwise Linear Regression Models

Model and predictors	B	95% Confidence Interval	Standard Error	β	t
Overload
(Intercept)	15.591^a	[12.112–19.070]	1.770		8.807
OEE	1.233^a	[1.010–1.456]	0.114	0.499	10.847
Stress	0.485^b	[0.153–0.817]	0.169	0.165	2.874
FSP	−0.296^b	[−0.489–−0.103]	0.098	−0.130	−3.017
Anxiety	0.443^b	[0.118–0.768]	0.165	0.155	2.676
Age	0.895^b	[0.077–1.714]	0.416	0.079	2.150
Competence
(Intercept)	5.578^a	[4.739–6.418]	0.427		13.059
OEE	0.123^a	[0.051–0.194]	0.036	0.181	3.367
Stress	0.208^a	[0.136–0.279]	0.036	0.257	5.710
PR	0.126^a	[0.057–0.195]	0.035	0.189	3.584
Dependency
(Intercept)	2.999^a	[2.245–3.754]	0.384		7.813
OEE	0.186^a	[0.139–0.233]	0.024	0.346	7.788
Stress	0.103^b	[0.026–0.181]	0.040	0.161	2.618
AGE	0.260^b	[0.068–0.452]	0.098	0.106	2.663
Anxiety	0.093^b	[0.017–0.169]	0.039	0.149	2.391
Depression
(Intercept)	7.706^a	[6.626–8.786]	0.550		14.023
NSP	0.327^a	[0.256–0.398]	0.036	0.388	9.035
AGE	−0.424^b	[−0.752–−0.097]	0.167	−0.109	−2.548
Anxiety
(Intercept)	6.706^a	[5.892–7.521]	0.415		16.179
EEA	0.218^b	[0.081–0.354]	0.070	0.252	3.127
NSP	0.174^b	[0.039–0.310]	0.069	0.204	2.524
Children	−0.591^b	[−1.141–−0.041]	0.280	−0.088	−2.110
Stress
(Intercept)	6.567^a	[5.679–7.454]	0.452		14.533
NSP	0.152^b	[0.008–0.296]	0.073	0.183	2.077
PR	0.164^b	[0.062–0.267]	0.052	0.199	3.157
OEE	0.176^b	[0.042–0.311]	0.068	0.210	2.575
RLG	−0.091^b	[−0.174–−0.008]	0.042	−0.129	−2.150

Notes: ^aData represent significance at p < 0.001; ^bData represent significance at p < 0.05.

Abbreviations: B, Unstabilized coefficient; β, Standardized coefficient.

Data Sharing Statement

The data that support the article can be found through directly asking the corresponding author by e-mail.