Longitudinal Relationships Between Bullying Victimization and Dual Social Behaviors: The Roles of Self-Compassion and Trauma-Related Shame

Figures & data

Table 1 An Overview of Studies on the Social Behaviors of Bullying Victims and Factors Mediating the Relationship Between Bullying Victimization and Social Behaviors

Author, Year	Sample	Mediating factors		Output (Social behavior)
		Self-regulation	Emotion	Cyber aggression	Prosocial behavior
Lian et al, 2022^Citation20	College students		/		/
Song et al, 2023^Citation12	College students		/	/
Zhang et al, 2023^Citation9	College students	/		/
Zhang et al, 2022^Citation47	College students		/	/
Pepe et al, 2023^Citation48	Female Adolescents	/			/

Notes: “/” denotes that the variable has been examined in the respective study.

Figure 1 The framework of the research study.

Figure 2 The process of the methods.

Table 2 The Means, Standard Deviations, and Intercorrelations Among All Study Variables

Variables	M	SD	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8
1. Sex	–	–	1
2. Age	18.960	1.310	0.018	1
3. Residence^a	1.741	0.438	0.049	0.010	1
4. T1 BV	18.606	6.851	−0.105**	−0.021	−0.026	1
5. T2 SC	88.468	12.912	−0.062	0.126**	−0.019	−0.217***	1
6. T2 TRS	33.527	12.443	−0.070	−0.028	0.037	0.177***	−0.342***	1
7. T3 CA	17.039	4.895	−0.125**	−0.084*	0.030	0.039	0.115**	0.200***	1
8. T3 PB	78.058	19.070	0.141***	0.117**	0.000	−0.098*	0.365***	−0.224***	−0.220***	1

Notes: ^aUrban = 1, rural = 2. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, and ***p < 0.001.

Abbreviations: BV, Bullying Victimization; SC, Self-compassion; TRS, Trauma-related shame; CA, Cyber aggression; PB, Prosocial Behavior; T1, Time 1; T2, Time 2; T3, Time 3.

Table 3 The Model Fits of the Mediation Model

Model fits
χ^Citation2/ df	TLI	GFI	AGFI	CFI	NFI	RFI	IFI	RMSEA [90% CI]
4.053	0.957	0.947	0.903	0.973	0.965	0.944	0.973	0.069 [0.061, 0.078]

Table 4 Standardized Indirect Path Coefficients and Bias-Corrected Bootstrapping Test in All Participants

Model pathways	β	SE	p	95% CI
T1 BV → T2 SC → T3 CA	0.009	0.009	0.184	[−0.005, 0.031]
T1 BV → T2 TRS → T3 CA	−0.070***	0.017	<0.001	[−0.105, −0.040]
T1 BV → T2 SC → T2 TRS → T3 CA	0.018*	0.012	0.040	[0.000, 0.053]
T1 BV → T2 SC → T3 PB	−0.013*	0.009	0.022	[−0.037, −0.001]
T1 BV → T2 TRS → T3 PB	0.011*	0.006	0.045	[0.000, 0.025]
T1 BV → T2 SC → T2 TRS → T3 PB	−0.008*	0.004	0.014	[−0.018, −0.002]

Notes: Bold indicates that the confidence interval does not include zero. *p < 0.05, ***p < 0.001.

Abbreviations: BV, Bullying Victimization; SC, Self-compassion; TRS, Trauma-related shame; CA, Cyber aggression; PB, Prosocial Behavior; T1, Time 1; T2, Time 2; T3, Time 3.

Figure 3 Mediation model among bullying victimization, self-compassion, trauma-related shame, cyber aggression, and prosocial behavior.

Notes: **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001.

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