Diabetes Distress Among Patients Undergoing Surgery for Diabetic Retinopathy and Associated Factors: A Cross-Sectional Survey

Figures & data

Table 1 Participants’ Characteristics and Univariate Analyses of the Factors Associated with DDS Scores of the Participants (N=210)

Factors	N(%)	Mean DDS Scores ( ±SD)	Test Value	p-value
Gender			−1.021^a	0.308
Male	130(61.90)	2.09±0.67
Female	80(38.10)	2.19±0.56
Age			3.613^b	0.029*
18–45	53(25.24)	2.27±0.58
46–69	149(70.95)	2.11±0.65
>69	8(3.81)	1.68±0.41
Marital status			−1.393^a	0.165
Married	173(82.38)	2.10±0.62
Single	37(17.62)	2.26±0.67
Education			1.264^b	0.288
Primary school or less	94(44.76)	2.13±0.58
Junior high school	73(34.76)	2.22±0.69
High school	27(12.86)	2.03±0.68
College graduate and above	16(7.62)	1.93±0.51
Employment status			9.306^b	0.000***
Unemployed	71(33.81)	2.37±0.62
Employed	88(41.90)	2.06±0.63
Retired	51(24.29)	1.92±0.53
Residential location			−3.376^a	0.001**
Urban	119(56.67)	2.00±0.58
Rural	91(43.34)	2.30±0.66
Mode of residence			0.958^b	0.413
live alone	18(8.57)	2.18±0.84
With parents	18(8.57)	2.33±0.61
With spouse or child	169(80.48)	2.11±0.61
others	5(2.38)	1.87±0.58
Monthly per-person household income(RMB)			6.308^b	0.002**
<1000	21(10.00)	2.53±0.64
1000~3000	36(17.14)	2.24±0.69
>3000	153(72.86)	2.05±0.59
Duration of diabetes(years)			2.005^b	0.137
<10	77(36.67)	2.21±0.66
10~19	84(40.00)	2.15±0.63
≥20	49(23.33)	1.98±0.56
Diabetes medication type			0.634^b	0.531
Insulin	64(30.48)	2.08±0.66
Oral medication	78(37.14)	2.19±0.63
Insulin and Oral medication	68(32.38)	2.11±0.61
Comorbid chronic diseases			3.067^b	0.049*
0	52(24.76)	1.96±0.53
1	93(44.29)	2.23±0.67
2 and above	65(30.95)	2.13±0.63
Comorbid complications			−0.998^a	0.319
No	123(58.57)	2.10±0.61
Yes	87(41.43)	2.18±0.66
HbA1c(%)			0.291^a	0.771
≤7	87(41.43)	2.14±0.69
>7	123(58.57)	2.12±0.58
logMAR (of the better eye)			4.079^b	0.018*
<0.3	94(44.76)	2.02±0.54
0.3–1.0	90(42.86)	2.16±0.65
>1.0	26(12.38)	2.40±0.76
logMAR (of the worse eye)			0.214^b	0.808
<0.3	11(5.24)	2.19±0.60
0.3–1.0	61(29.05)	2.17±0.56
>1.0	138(65.71)	2.11±0.66

Notes: ^aStudent t test. ^bOne-way ANOVA test. *p<0.05; **p<0.01;***p<0.001.

Table 2 Levels of Diabetes Distress Among DR Surgery Patients and Other Outcomes

Variable	Mean±SD	Observed Range^a	Possible Range^b
Diabetes distress	36.24±10.71	17–77	17–102
Emotional burden	12.52±5.23	5–28	5–30
Physician-related distress	7.56±4.04	4–19	4–24
Regimen-related distress	11.90±4.35	5–25	5–30
Interpersonal distress	4.25±2.42	3–15	3–18
Self-management	33.34±12.35	7–66	0–77
Family support	8.11±2.56	0–10	0–10
Social support	38.84±7.33	18–55	12–66

Notes: ^aThe range of scores for a scale data in this study. ^bThe range of scores for a scale itself.

Table 3 Relationships Between Diabetes Distress and Related Outcomes(N=210)

Variable	Diabetes Distress	Self-Management	Family Support	Social Support
Diabetes distress	1
Self-management	−0.215(0.002)**	1
Family support	−0.422(0.000)***	0.093(0.177)	1
Social support	−0.410(0.000)***	0.072(0.297)	0.526(0.000)***	1

Notes: **p<0.01; ***p<0.001.

Table 4 Multiple Linear Regression of Diabetes Distress in DR Surgery Patients(n=210)

Variable	B	SE	β	t	P
constant	3.479	0.246		14.156	0.000
Employment status
Unemployed
Retired	−0.305	0.099	−0.208	−3.070	0.002**
Employed	−0.173	0.087	−0.136	−1.996	0.047*
Residential location	0.224	0.075	0.177	2.989	0.003**
Self-management	−0.098	0.033	−0.174	−3.001	0.003**
Family support	−0.307	0.084	−0.250	−3.662	0.000***
Social support	−0.153	0.048	−0.219	−3.162	0.002**

Notes: R=0.571, R2 = 0.326, AdjR2 = 0.306, F= 16.359, P<0.001. *p<0.05; **p<0.01; ***p<0.001.