Impact of Environmental Uncertainty on Depression and Anxiety Among Chinese Workers: A Moderated Mediation Model

Figures & data

Figure 1 Theoretical model.

Table 1 Results of Confirmatory Factor Analyses

Models	χ²	df	CFI	NNFI	RMSEA	SRMR
The hypothesized model: Five factors	4367.80	619	0.89	0.88	0.080	0.038
Four factors model:
Combined depression and anxiety	4714.86	623	0.87	0.87	0.084	0.041
Combined environmental uncertainty and work pressure	7911.10	623	0.78	0.76	0.112	0.111
Combined work pressure and depression	6138.81	623	0.83	0.82	0.097	0.063
Combined work pressure and anxiety	6157.99	623	0.83	0.82	0.097	0.064
Three factors model:
Combined work pressure, depression and anxiety	6502.16	626	0.82	0.81	0.100	0.060
Combined environmental uncertainty and work pressure, combined depression and anxiety	8253.85	626	0.77	0.75	0.114	0.112
One factor model: Combined all	17,002.44	629	0.50	0.47	0.166	0.203

Note: N = 940.

Table 2 Means, Standard Deviations and Correlations

Variable	M	SD	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9
1.Gender	1.56	0.50	1
2.Age	3.33	0.80	0.03	1
3.Education	2.01	0.91	−0.06	−0.13**	1
4.Tenure	4.54	1.38	0.14**	0.76**	−0.25**	1
5.Environmental uncertainty	2.74	1.41	−0.03	−0.05	0.08*	−0.01	(0.94)
6.Union practice	5.28	1.46	−0.02	0.04	0.01	0.02	−0.38**	(0.98)
7.Work pressure	2.72	0.91	0.08*	0.00	0.08*	0.06	0.18**	−0.11**	(0.88)
8.Anxiety	4.06	3.98	0.02	−0.09**	0.13**	−0.06	0.24**	−0.24**	0.26**	(0.92)
9.Depression	5.63	4.17	0.02	−0.09**	0.06	−0.03	0.27**	−0.27**	0.25**	0.78**	(0.87)

Notes: N = 940. Gender: 1 = male, 2 = female; age: 1 = less than 20 years, 2= 21–30 years, 3 = 31–40 years, 4 = 41–50 years, 5 = over 50 years; educational: 1 = a high school or below, 2 = a college diploma level, 3 = a bachelor’s degree, 4 = a master’s degree or above; and tenure: 1 = less than 2 years, 2 = 3–5 years, 3 = 6–10 years, 4 = 11–15 years, 5 = 16–20 years, 6 = more than 21 years. Alpha internal consistency reliability coefficients appear on the main diagonal. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 (two-tailed).

Figure 2 Interaction of Environmental Uncertainty and Union Practice in Predicting Work Pressure.

Table 3 Conditional Indirect Effects of Environmental Uncertainty on Outcomes

Outcome Variables	Moderator: Union Practices	Environmental Uncertainty (X)→Work Pressure (M)→Outcomes (Y)
		Stage		Effect
		First (PMX)	Second (PYM)	Direct (PYX)	Indirect (PMX PYM)	95% CI of Indirect Effect
Depression	High (+1SD)	0.05 (0.03)	0.92*** (0.17)	0.68*** (0.11)	0.04 (0.03)	[−0.01, 0.10]
	Low (−1SD)	0.15*** (0.03)	0.92*** (0.17)	0.68*** (0.11)	0.14** (0.04)	[0.06, 0.22]
	Difference	−0.11* (0.05)	0.92*** (0.17)	0.68*** (0.11)	−0.10* (0.05)	[−0.20, −0.01]
Anxiety	High (+1SD)	0.05 (0.03)	0.92*** (0.16)	0.55*** (0.11)	0.04 (0.03)	[−0.01, 0.10]
	Low (−1SD)	0.15*** (0.03)	0.92*** (0.16)	0.55*** (0.11)	0.14** (0.04)	[0.06, 0.23]
	Difference	−0.11* (0.05)	0.92*** (0.16)	0.55*** (0.11)	−0.10* (0.05)	[−0.19, −0.01]

Notes: N = 940. *p< 0.05, **p< 0.01, ***p < 0.001 (two-tailed). P_MX: path from environmental uncertainty to work pressure; P_YM: path from work pressure to outcomes; and P_YX: path from environmental uncertainty to outcome variables. Table values are unstandardized regression coefficients and standard errors from the estimated model. ±1 SD distinguishes high from low levels of union practices.