Adaptation and Validation of Learned Helplessness Scale in Chinese Law School Students

Figures & data

Table 1 Factors Loadings for Items of the Initial Exploratory Factor Analysis

	Factor 1	Factor 2	Factor 3	Factor 4	Factor 5
Item 18	0.937	−0.053	0.078	−0.094	−0.061
Item 17	0.785	−0.038	−0.029	−0.046	−0.115
Item 13	0.703	0.000	0.033	0.049	0.105
Item 15	0.697	−0.097	0.068	0.055	0.197
Item 1	0.665	0.092	−0.052	0.009	−0.018
Item 8	0.405	0.076	−0.246	0.157	0.324
Item 5	−0.027	0.980	−0.201	−0.210	0.03
Item 6	0.086	0.773	0.071	−0.083	−0.125
Item 19	−0.033	−0.57	−0.03	−0.03	−0.041
Item 20	−0.157	0.544	−0.037	0.157	0.038
Item 16	0.232	0.316	0.194	0.096	−0.027
Item 12	−0.105	−0.030	0.781	0.217	−0.098
Item 10	0.018	−0.110	0.576	−0.063	0.099
Item 14	0.062	0.080	0.535	−0.003	0.083
Item 7	0.072	−0.022	0.099	0.640	0.124
Item 4	0.037	−0.047	0.006	0.566	−0.226
Item 11	0.114	0.086	−0.033	0.563	0.173
Item 2	−0.070	0.128	0.372	−0.175	0.532
Item 3	−0.005	0.095	0.469	−0.107	0.520
Item 9	0.374	−0.137	−0.132	0.163	0.502

Notes: Factors 1 to 4 refer to the four factors of the Chinese version of the learned helplessness scale. The italicized text refers to the factors that also cross-loaded on that particular factor. Grey-colored text represents insignificant factor loading values.

Table 2 Factors Loadings for Items of the Exploratory Factor Analysis for the 14-Item Learned Helplessness Scale

Items/Factors	Factor 1	Factor 2	Factor 3	Factor 4
Item 18. No matter how hard I try, things never seem to work out the way I want them to.	0.901	−0.062	−0.065	0.029
Item 17. When I do not succeed at a task, I find myself blaming my own stupidity for my failure.	0.742	−0.089	−0.037	−0.052
Item 13. I feel that I have little control over the outcomes of my work.	0.692	0.035	0.117	0.039
Item 15.I feel that anyone else could be better than me at most tasks.	0.680	−0.005	0.136	0.041
Item 1.No matter how much energy I put into a task, I feel I have no control over the outcome.	0.645	0.106	0.039	−0.069
Item 5. If I complete a task successfully, it is probably because of my ability.	0.036	0.883	−0.161	−0.08
Item 6. I have the ability to solve most of life’s problems.	0.107	0.717	−0.116	0.14
Item 20. My behavior seems to influence the success of a work group.	−0.106	0.508	0.153	−0.037
Item 7. When I do not succeed at a task, I do not attempt any similar tasks because I feel that I would fail them also.	0.046	0.055	0.694	0.081
Item 11. When I perform poorly, it is because I do not have the ability to perform better.	0.125	0.159	0.609	−0.045
Item 4. I do not place myself in situations in which I cannot predict the outcome.	0.034	−0.149	0.467	−0.023
Item 12. I accept tasks even if I am not sure that I will success at them.	−0.104	−0.028	0.11	0.706
Item 10. I try new tasks if I have failed similar ones in the past	0.031	−0.09	−0.076	0.604
Item 14. I am successful at most tasks I try.	0.055	0.157	−0.005	0.516

Notes: Factors 1 to 4 refer to the four factors of the Chinese version of the learned helplessness scale. The grey-colored text represents insignificant factor loading values.

Figure 1 Correlation Matrix.

Notes: Items with R means revised items.

Figure 2 Scree Plot.

Notes: Eigenvalues are plotted to reveal the scree point.

Figure 3 Correlation Matrix for the 14-item Learned Helplessness Scale.

Notes: Items with R means revised items.

Figure 4 Scree Plot for the 14-item Learned Helplessness Scale.

Table 3 CFA Model Goodness-of-Fit Indices

CFA Models	χ^2	df	CFI	TLI	RMSEA	SRMR	AIC	BIC
Model 1	136.488	71	0.900	0.872	0.072(90% CI: 0.054, 0.091)	0.064	3438.536	3546.333
Model 2	184.732	77	0.835	0.805	0.089(90% CI: 0.073, 0.106)	0.073	3474.781	3563.554
Model 3	161.917	76	0.869	0.843	0.080(90% CI: 0.063, 0.097)	0.088	3453.965	3545.909

Notes: Model 1= four-factor correlated model; Model 2 = unidimensional model; Model 3 = four-factor higher-order model.

Table 4 Factor Loading Table for the Learned Helplessness Scale

Latent Variables	Indicator	B	SE	z-value	p-value	Beta
Factor 1	Item 18	1.000				0.745
	Item 17	0.799	0.120	6.633	< 0.001	0.531
	Item 13	0.930	0.097	9.538	< 0.001	0.759
	Item 15	1.032	0.113	9.124	< 0.001	0.725
	Item 1	0.961	0.105	9.177	< 0.001	0.730
Factor 2	Item 5	1.000				0.631
	Item 6	0.952	0.168	5.635	< 0.001	0.577
	Item 20	0.559	0.207	2.700	< 0.01	0.243
Factor 3	Item 7	1.000				0.764
	Item 11	0.858	0.121	7.101	< 0.001	0.716
	Item 4	0.389	0.127	3.058	< 0.01	0.266
Factor 4	Item 12	1.000				0.478
	Item 10	0.915	0.217	4.211	< 0.001	0.484
	Item 14	0.922	0.217	4.244	< 0.001	0.490

Notes: Factors 1 to 4 refer to the four factors of the Chinese version of the learned helplessness scale.

Table 5 Bivariate Correlation Among Learned Helplessness Scale and DASS-21 Factors

	LHS	Self-Doubt	Confidence	Avoidance	Resilience	Depression	Anxiety	Stress
LHS	1
Factor 1	0.811**	1
Factor 2	0.565**	0.240**	1
Factor 3	0.689**	0.510**	0.137**	1
Factor 4	0.501**	0.201**	0.370**	0.108*	1
Depression	0.576**	0.520**	0.192**	0.565**	0.224**	1
Anxiety	0.739**	0.718**	0.336**	0.527**	0.186**	0.568**	1
Stress	0.549**	0.591**	0.175**	0.406**	0.227**	0.525**	0.552**	1

Notes: *p < 0.01; **p < 0.001; LHS = total scale of the Chinese version of the Learned Helplessness Scale; Factors 1 to 4 refer to the four factors of the learned helplessness scale.