What Do We Know About the Influence of Believers’ Religiosity on Happiness and Gratitude? – A Perspective for Clinical Practice

Figures & data

Figure 1 Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) results.

Note: Figure 1 presents results of path coefficients (bold arrows), R² (purple circle), and outer loading’s significant (light arrows).

Abbreviations: NORA, Non-Organizational Religious Activity; ORA, Organizational Religious Activity.

Table 1 Demographic Characteristics

	Total (n = 374)	SDHS		QG-6		IR
	Frequency	Mean±SD	p	Mean±SD	p	Mean±SD	p
Gender^a			>0.05		>0.05		>0.05
Female	208 (55.6)	2.75 ± 0.62		4.93 ± 1.09		3.22 ± 0.78
Male	166 (44.4)	2.78 ± 0.58		4.89 ± 1.16		3.22 ± 0.93
Age			–		–		–
< 20	35 (9.4)	2.71 ± 0.60		4.97 ± 1.27		3.42 ± 0.81
20–29	199 (53.2)	2.70 ± 0.58		5.17 ± 0.89		3.32 ± 0.82
30–39	51 (13.6)	2.91 ± 0.70		4.93 ± 1.18		3.27 ± 0.77
40–49	22 (5.9)	2.98 ± 0.68		4.85 ± 1.02		3.33 ± 0.66
50–59	15 (4.0)	2.69 ± 0.63		3.68 ± 1.39		2.44 ± 1.34
≥ 60	52 (13.9)	2.83 ± 0.53		4.24 ± 1.24		2.84 ± 0.75
Religion^b			<0.001		<0.001		<0.001
Buddhism	65 (17.4)	2.85 ± 0.63		4.97 ± 1.22		3.28 ± 0.92
Protestantism	127 (34.0)	2.84 ± 0.57		5.26 ± 0.76		3.49 ± 0.65
Catholicism	117 (31.3)	2.69 ± 0.56		4.69 ± 1.27		3.26 ± 0.73
Caodaism	34 (9.1)	2.92 ± 0.71		4.76 ± 0.93		3.11 ± 0.57
Other	31 (8.3)	3.01 ± 0.98		4.33 ± 1.32		1.96 ± 0.96
Personal income^b			>0.05		<0.001		<0.001
< 3 mil. VND	169 (45.2)	2.77 ± 0.62		5.12 ± 1.01		3.31 ± 0.84
3–7.5 mil. VND	62 (16.6)	2.73 ± 0.52		4.97 ± 0.92		3.44 ± 0.70
7.5–15 mil. VND	88 (23.5)	2.81 ± 0.69		4.77 ± 1.20		3.19 ± 0.79
> 15 mil. VND	55 (14.7)	2.73 ± 0.53		4.43 ± 1.34		2.75 ± 0.97

Notes: ^aIndependent Sample t-Test; ^bOne-way ANOVA.

Abbreviations: SDHS, Short Depression Happiness Scale; GQ-6, Gratitude Questionnaire-Six-Item Form; IR, Intrinsic Religiosity.

Table 2 Mean, Standard Deviation, Construct Correlations, Reliability, and Validity

	M	SD	AVE	Cronbach’s α	CR (rho_c)
SDHS	2.76	0.61	0.428	0.735	0.815
GQ-6	4.91	1.12	0.661	0.861	0.904
IR	3.22	0.85	0.645	0.728	0.843

Abbreviations: SDHS, Short Depression Happiness Scale; GQ-6, Gratitude Questionnaire-Six-Item Form; IR, Intrinsic Religiosity; M, Mean; SD, Standard Deviation; AVE, Average Variance Extracted; CR, Composite Reliability.

Table 3 Heterotrait-Monotrait Ratios (HTMT)

	SDHS	GQ-6	IR	NORA	ORA
SDHS
GQ-6	0.525 [0.434, 0.605]
IR	0.508 [0.397, 0.596]	0.637 [0.515, 0.738]
NORA	0.311 [0.196, 0.410]	0.292 [0.171, 0.395]	0.551 [0.446, 0.628]
ORA	0.333 [0.218, 0.441]	0.407 [0.290, 0.504]	0.615 [0.519, 0.697]	0.684 [0.612, 0.747]

Abbreviations: SDHS, Short Depression Happiness Scale; GQ-6, Gratitude Questionnaire-Six-Item Form; IR, Intrinsic Religiosity; NORA, Non-Organizational Religious Activity; ORA, Organizational Religious Activity.

Table 4 Path Coefficients

	β	95% CI Lower	95% CI Upper	p
Direct effects
AGE → SDHS	0.221	0.126	0.315	<0.001
AGE → GQ-6	−0.185	−0.280	−0.102	<0.001
AGE → IR	−0.271	−0.357	−0.195	<0.001
INCOME → IR	−0.130	−0.222	−0.040	<0.001
IR → SDHS	0.276	0.168	0.373	<0.001
IR → GQ-6	0.337	0.205	0.466	<0.001
GQ-6 → SDHS	0.381	0.280	0.491	<0.001
ORA → GQ-6	0.221	0.098	0.339	<0.001
ORA → IR	0.348	0.246	0.451	<0.001
NORA → IR	0.316	0.202	0.418	<0.001
AGE x IR → GQ-6	0.191	0.116	0.277	<0.001
Indirect effects
IR -> GQ-6 → SDHS	0.128	0.071	0.197	<0.001
ORA -> IR → GQ-6	0.117	0.065	0.181	<0.001
NORA -> IR → GQ-6	0.106	0.059	0.165	<0.001

Abbreviations: SDHS, Short Depression Happiness Scale; GQ-6, Gratitude Questionnaire-Six-Item Form; IR, Intrinsic Religiosity; NORA, Non-Organizational Religious Activity; ORA, Organizational Religious Activity.