The influence of psychoeducation on regulating biological rhythm in a sample of patients with bipolar II disorder: a randomized clinical trial

Figures & data

Table 1 Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics of each group

Demographic and clinical characteristics	Standard intervention n=29	Combined intervention n=32	P-value
Sex			0.768
Female	21 (72.4%)	21 (65.6%)
Male	8 (27.6%)	11 (34.4%)
Age (years)	24.03 (±3.57)	24.09 (±3.90)	0.951
Education (years)	12.30 (±3.33)	11.64 (±3.13)	0.467
Economic index*			0.041
Low	6 (35.3%)	11 (64.7%)
Intermediate	9 (50.0%)	9 (50.0%)
High	12 (70.6%)	5 (29.4%)
Years of illness	5.48 (±4.26)	5.06 (±4.26)	0.702
Current episode			0.466
Euthymia	2 (6.9%)	2 (6.3%)
Depression	17 (18.6%)	18 (56.3%)
Hypomania	1 (3.4%)	2 (6.3%)
Mania	1 (3.4%)	5 (15.6%)
Mixed	8 (27.6%)	5 (15.6%)
Depressive symptoms (HDRS)	13.07 (±6.22)	12.22 (±5.96)	0.589
Manic symptoms (YMRS)	5.83 (±6.58)	7.03 (±8.63)	0.541
Biological rhythm (BRIAN)	47.43 (±9.46)	44.84 (±11.63)
Sleep	14.38 (±3.24)	13.81 (±6.45)	0.662
Activity	12.86 (±3.88)	11.16 (±3.62)	0.082
Social rhythm	10.69 (±2.20)	8.56 (±1.81)	<0.001
Eating	11.07 (±2.85)	9.97 (±3.58)	0.193
Total	49.00 (±8.78)	43.50 (±11.55)	0.040

Note:

* Missing data in this category.

Abbreviations: BRIAN, Biological Rhythm Interview of Assessment in Neuropsychiatry; HDRS, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale; YMRS, Young Mania Rating Scale.

Table 2 Outcome results for each group

Outcomes	Postintervention	Differences between means baseline (95%CI)	P-value	Effect size r
Total sample
Depression symptoms	12.57 (±5.79)	2.59 (1.16; 4.02)	0.001*	0.424
Manic symptoms	5.11 (±5.18)	1.34 (−0.72; 3.41)	0.198	0.167
Biological rhythm
Sleep	12.82 (±3.58)	1.26 (−0.17; 2.70)	0.083	0.222
Activity	9.87 (±3.36)	2.10 (0.82; 3.38)	0.002*	0.390
Social rhythm	8.82 (±2.58)	0.75 (−0.04; 1.54)	0.061	0.239
Eating	9.66 (±3.57)	0.84 (−0.31; 1.98)	0.150	0.185
Total	41.16 (±9.17)	4.95 (1.24; 8.66)	0.010*	0.326
Standard intervention (n=29)
Depression symptoms	12.62 (±5.49)	3.55 (1.09; 6.01)	0.006*	0.487
Manic symptoms	5.62 (±4.40)	0.21 (−2.88; 3.30)	0.892	0.026
Biological rhythm
Sleep	12.17 (±3.62)	2.21 (0.52; 3.89)	0.012*	0.451
Activity	9.41 (±3.41)	3.45 (1.66; 5.23)	<0.001*	0.599
Social rhythm	8.62 (±2.87)	2.07 (0.84; 3.30)	0.002*	0.545
Eating	9. 62 (±3.71)	1.45 (−0.15; 3.05)	0.074	0.331
Total	39.83 (±9.18)	9.17 (4.04; 14.31)	0.001*	0.569
Combined intervention (n=32)
Depression symptoms	12.53 (±6.14)	1.72 (0.07; 3.36)	0.041*	0.357
Manic symptoms	4.66 (±5.82)	2.37 (−0.50; 5.25)	0.102	0.289
Biological rhythm
Sleep	13.41 (±3.49)	0.41 (−1.91; 2.72)	0.723	0.064
Activity	10.28 (±3.31)	0.87 (−0.93; 2.68)	0.330	0.175
Social rhythm	9.00 (±2.33)	−0.44 (−1.31; 0.44)	0.315	0.180
Eating	9.69 (±3.49)	0.28 (−1.41; 1.98)	0.738	0.060
Total	42.38 (±9.14)	1.12 (−4.10; 6.35)	0.664	0.079

Note:

* P-value <0.05

Abbreviation: CI, confidence interval.

Table 3 Crude and adjusted linear regression for symptoms remission and biological rhythm regulation comparisons between intervention groups

Outcomes	Crude		Adjusted for economic index
	B (95% CI)	P-value	B (95% CI)	P-value
Depression symptom remission
Combined intervention	−1.07 (−4.91; 2.77)	0.578	−1.86 (−6.34; 2.61)	0.404
Manic symptom remission
Combined intervention	3.78 (−1.88; 9.42)	0.185	5.93 (−0.28; −12.15)	0.061
Biological rhythm regulation
Combined intervention	−10.89 (−18.84; −2.95)	0.008	−10.84 (−20.61; −1.07)	0.031

Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; B, baseline.

Figure 1 Participant flowchart.