The adaptive problems of female teenage refugees and their behavioral adjustment methods for coping

Figures & data

Table 1 Distribution of the sample according to the class

Class	Number	Percentage
Sixth grade	36	17.15
Seventh grade	42	20
Eighth grade	44	21
Nineth grade	42	20
Tenth grade	30	14.3
First secondary	16	7.6
Total	210	100

Table 2 Results of independent samples t-test for independent samples according to high and low groups

Class	Mean	SD	Difference between two mean values	Degrees of freedom	t-test	Significance level
Higher	131.20	6.215	−28.20	18	−11.870a	0.000
Lower	159.4	4.222

Note:

a Statistically significant at the level (α=0.05).

Abbreviation: SD, standard deviation.

Table 3 Results of alpha coefficient test

Domain	Number of items	Alpha coefficient
Depression	18	0.804
Hostility and anger	24	0.880
Self-esteem	25	0.795
Feeling safe	27	0.860
Total	94	0.936

Table 4 Results of alpha coefficient test

Scale	Domain	Number of items	Alpha coefficient
Behavioral methods for adaptation	Positive	9	0.715
	Negative	13	0.868
	Measure	22	0.834

Table 5 Mean and standard deviations for the students’ responses of adaptation problems

Domain	Number of items	General mean	Item mean	SD	%	Degree
Depression	18	26.63	1.48	4.472	73.97	Medium
Hostility and anger	24	33.87	1.41	5.732	70.56	Medium
Self-esteem	25	40.98	1.64	4.882	81.96	Medium
Feeling safe	27	37.51	1.39	6.644	69.46	Medium
Total degree for the scale	94	138.99	1.48	18.980	73.93	Medium

Abbreviation: SD, standard deviation.

Table 6 Mean and percentages for each item of the depression domain

No	Items	Meana	SD	%	Degree
1	I feel idle and inactive	1.53	0.502	76.5	Medium
2	I think of ending my life	1.48	0.503	74	Medium
3	I cry easily	1.28	0.450	64	Low
4	I blame myself for the events I pass through	1.31	0.465	65.5	Low
5	I feel lonely	1.34	0.487	67	Medium
6	I worry about things in an exaggerated way	1.33	0.474	66.5	Low
7	I feel disinterested in what is occurring	1.48	0.503	74	Medium
8	I feel despair regarding the future	1.57	0.497	78.5	Medium
9	I feel everything in this life is tiresome	1.34	0.478	67	Medium
10	I feel myself to be insignificant	1.52	0.503	76	Medium
11	I feel myself responsible for everything bad or wrong that is happening around me	1.53	0.502	76.5	Medium
12	I blame myself for every mistake made	1.49	0.503	74.5	Medium
13	I wake up earlier than usual every day and I find it difficult to go back to sleep	1.38	0.488	69	Medium
14	My appetite for food is not as good as it used to be	1.61	0.491	80.5	Medium
15	I no longer have an appetite for eating at all	1.70	0.460	85	High
16	I notice that I am losing weight	1.82	0.390	91	High
17	I feel this life doesn’t deserve to be lived	1.54	0.501	77	Medium
18	I feel sad and miserable in an intolerable way	1.37	0.485	68.5	Medium

Note:

a Levels of adaptive problems (based on item mean) are (1–1.33) the lowest level, the moderate level (1.34–1.67), and the highest level (1.68–2).

Abbreviation: SD, standard deviation.

Table 7 Mean and percentages for each item regarding the hostility and anger domain

No	Items	Meana	SD	%	Degree
19	I feel myself easily provoked or annoyed	1.29	0.455	64.5	Low
20	I feel moody upsets which I can’t control	1.32	0.470	66	Low
21	I feel motivated to hit, injure, or harm someone	1.57	0.497	78.5	Medium
22	I feel urgently motivated to break or damage things	1.47	0.502	73.5	Medium
23	I join lots of arguments or discussions	1.25	0.437	62.5	Low
24	I have bouts of yelling	1.55	0.500	77.5	Medium
25	I get angry and shout when talking	1.39	0.491	69.5	Medium
26	I throw things when I become angry	1.44	0.499	72	Medium
27	I feel angry most of the time	1.18	0.390	59	Low
28	I rarely feel angry	1.71	0.470	85.5	High
29	When I feel angry, I have bouts of strange ideas	1.26	0.444	63	Low
30	When I feel angry, I threaten people and break things	1.48	0.503	74	Medium
31	When I feel angry, I think of revenge	1.49	0.503	74.5	Medium
32	When I feel angry, I shout and insult	1.26	0.444	63	Low
33	When I feel angry, I cry	1.16	0.370	58	Low
34	I feel angry at my mother	1.44	0.499	72	Medium
35	I feel angry at my father	1.38	0.488	69	Medium
36	I feel angry at my relatives	1.40	0.493	70	Medium
37	I feel angry at my colleagues	1.46	0.501	73	Medium
38	I feel angry at myself	1.26	0.444	63	Low
39	I feel angry at most people	1.21	0.407	60.5	Low
40	I get angry when I am at home	1.47	0.502	73.5	Medium
41	I get angry when I am at school	1.75	0.437	87.5	High
42	When I get angry, I try to calm myself	1.66	0.478	83	Medium

Notes:

a Levels of adaptive problems (based on item mean) are (1–1.33) the lowest level, the moderate level (1.34–1.67), and the highest level (1.68–2). General mean: (50–66.67) low, (66.68–83.34) medium, (83.35–100) high.

Abbreviation: SD, standard deviation.

Table 8 Mean and percentages for each item of the low self-esteem domain

No	Items	Meana	SD	%	Degree
43	I feel that all whom I deal with like me	1.44	0.499	72	Medium
44	My friends like to be friends with me	1.77	0.423	88.5	High
45	I am popular among my colleagues	1.66	0.478	83	Medium
46	I feel my father loves me	1.70	0.460	85	High
47	I feel my brothers and sisters love me	1.69	0.465	84.5	High
48	I trust others	1.34	0.478	67	Medium
49	I feel ambitious to achieve the best	1.67	0.474	83.5	High
50	I feel my intelligence is higher than average	1.47	0.502	73.5	Medium
51	I am able to do important tasks	1.69	0.465	84.5	High
52	I feel I have a strong personality	1.61	0.491	80.5	Medium
53	I feel I can take responsibility sometimes	1.78	0.416	89	High
54	I like my physical appearance	1.71	0.455	85.5	High
55	I feel shy about my body and appearance	1.67	0.474	83.5	High
56	I can’t participate in any activity till the end	1.53	0.502	76.5	Medium
57	I feel frustrated if others don’t agree with my actions or opinions	1.24	0.430	62	Low
58	I believe I do the right things	1.82	0.390	91	High
59	I believe my ideas and opinions are right	1.75	0.437	87.5	High
60	I can talk about my opinions without being embarrassed	1.53	0.502	76.5	Medium
61	I follow others depending on their wealth and position	1.74	0.444	87	High
62	I don’t give a good impression to others	1.61	0.491	80.5	Medium
63	I like dealing with all my colleagues	1.77	0.423	88.5	High
64	People say they like me	1.63	0.485	81.5	Medium
65	I deal gently with others	1.90	0.306	95	High
66	People will continue to hate me despite whatever efforts I exert	1.77	0.423	88.5	High
67	I set plans which I am sure I will implement	1.51	0.503	75.5	Medium

Notes:

a Levels of adaptive problems (based on item mean) are (1–1.33) the lowest level, the moderate level (1.34–1.67), and the highest level (1.68–2). Degree: (50–66.67) low, (66.68–83.34) medium, (83.35–100) high.

Abbreviation: SD, standard deviation.

Table 9 Mean and percentages for each item of the feeling unsafe domain

No	Items	Meana	SD	%	Degree
68	I usually want to be with others	1.13	0.334	56.5	Low
69	I lack self-confidence	1.40	0.493	70	Medium
70	I feel I get enough praise	1.60	0.493	80	Medium
71	I worry for a long time because of insults I am exposed to	1.22	0.416	61	Low
72	I feel lonely even when I am with friends	1.33	0.474	66.5	Low
73	I feel I am optimistic	1.49	0.503	74.5	Medium
74	I am a cheerful person in general	1.31	0.465	65.5	Low
75	When meeting others for the first time, I feel they will not like me	1.49	0.503	74.5	Medium
76	I have a vague fear of the future	1.36	0.482	68	Medium
77	I feel I am a lucky person	1.38	0.488	69	Medium
78	I spend much time worrying about the future	1.34	0.478	67	Medium
79	I believe I am a burden on others	1.54	0.501	77	Medium
80	I feel happy for others’ happiness and good luck	1.67	0.474	83.5	High
81	I often feel I am ignored, not receiving enough interest	1.44	0.499	72	Medium
82	I pity myself when things go wrong	1.37	0.485	68.5	Medium
83	Feeling inferior worries me	1.28	0.450	64	Low
84	In general, my spirits are high	1.41	0.495	70.5	Medium
85	My feelings can be easily hurt	1.16	0.370	58	Low
86	I feel I am not adapting to life properly	1.34	0.478	67	Medium
87	I behave normally	1.64	0.482	82	Medium
88	I feel people in general are untrustworthy	1.36	0.482	68	Medium
89	I have lots of faithful friends	1.45	0.500	72.5	Medium
90	I have a happy family	1.38	0.488	69	Medium
91	I often become upset with people	1.15	0.359	57.5	Low
92	I feel people sometimes laugh at me	1.34	0.478	67	Medium
93	I can work with others harmoniously	1.64	0.482	82	Medium
94	I feel the world doesn’t treat me fairly	1.28	0.450	64	Low

Notes:

a Levels of adaptive problems (based on item mean) are (1–1.33) the lowest level, the moderate level (1.34–1.67), and the highest level (1.68–2). Degree: (50–66.67) low, (66.68–83.34) medium, (83.35–100) high.

Abbreviation: SD, standard deviation.

Table 10 Mean and percentages for each item of the positive methods

Rank	No	Items	Meana	SD	Adaptation degree
1	3	I do worship like praying, fasting, and asking God	4.73	0.683	High
2	7	I spend time studying to gain success	4.41	0.895	High
3	9	I busy myself doing home chores	3.37	1.235	Medium
4	1	I practice sports or exercise	3.30	1.143	Medium
5	5	I watch TV sometimes	3.21	1.133	Medium
6	6	I express my suffering through drawing or doing hand crafts	2.89	1.361	Medium
7	4	I write diaries and poetry	2.72	1.319	Medium
8	8	I do visits to get to know many people	2.60	1.229	Medium
9	2	I work after formal working hours	1.31	0.923	Low
Positive methods			3.20	0.45	Medium

Note:

a Degree: (1–2.33) low, (2.34–3.67) medium, (3.68–5) high.

Abbreviation: SD, standard deviation.

Table 11 Mean and percentages for each item of the negative methods

Rank	No	Items	Meana	SD	Adaptation degree
1	10	I smoke to forget my problems	4.94	0.412	High
2	13	I cry for long periods of time	2.67	1.206	Medium
3	16	I sit alone for long hours in order not to see any one	2.25	1.350	Low
4	12	I sleep for long periods of time	2.18	1.063	Low
5	20	I spend a long time day-dreaming	2.16	1.345	Low
6	22	I spend a long time communicating via phone	1.89	1.031	Low
7	17	I stop eating for long long periods of time	1.79	1.035	Low
8	14	I invent troubles and quarrels with others	1.48	0.856	Low
9	11	I have sexual relations with several partners	1.26	0.694	Low
10	19	I plan revenge and sabotage on others	1.16	0.521	Low
11	15	I tried suicide or harming myself	1.12	0.409	Low
12	18	I have sleeping pills	1.10	0.479	Low
13	21	I take drugs	1.03	0.217	Low
Negative methods			1.93	0.41	Low

Note:

a Degree: (1–2.33) low, (2.34–3.67) medium, (3.68–5) high.

Abbreviation: SD, standard deviation.