Coping with occupational stress: the role of optimism and coping flexibility

Figures & data

Table 1 Descriptive statistic, Cronbach’s α, and intercorrelations among variables under study

Variable	M	SD	α	Age	Sex	PSS	SWLS	CFS	LOT-R
Age	19.68	2.89	NA	–
Sex	2a	0.35	NA	0	–
PSS	3.21	0.69	0.89	0.04	0.28**	–
SWLS	4.57	1.35	0.89	−0.12	−0.16	−0.58**	–
CFS	2.52	0.49	0.81	0.04	−0.20	−0.39**	0.33**	–
LOT-R	3.00	0.77	0.85	0.06	−0.10	−0.60**	0.69**	0.45**	–

Notes: N=95.

** P<0.01. Values are given as mean, standard deviations, Cronbach’s α, and zero-order correlations of study variables.

a Mode. Values for sex: male =1 and female =2.

Abbreviations: CFS, Coping Flexibility Scale; LOT-R, Life Orientation Test-Revised; M, mean; NA, not applicable; PSS, Perceived Stress Scale; SD, standard deviation; SWLS, Satisfaction with Life Scale.

Table 2 Hierarchical regression analysis of perceived stress (PSS)

Predictors	Step 1	Step 2a	Step 2b	Step 3b
	β	β	β	β
Step 1
Age	0.04	0.07	0.05	0.07
Sexa	0.28**	0.20*	0.22*	0.20*
Step 2a
CFS		−0.12
LOT-R		−0.53***
Step 2b
CFS			−0.35***	−0.12
Step 3b
LOT-R				−0.53***
R^2	0.08	0.42	0.20	0.42
ΔR^2	0.08*	0.34***	0.12***	0.22***
Model F	3.95*	16.17***	7.42***	16.17***

Notes: N=95.

* P<0.05,

** P<0.01,

*** P<0.001.

a Sex: male =1 and female =2. ΔR² = R² change.

Abbreviations: β, standardized β coefficient; CFS, Coping Flexibility Scale; LOT-R, Life Orientation Test-Revised; PSS, Perceived Stress Scale.

Table 3 Hierarchical regression analysis of life satisfaction (SWLS)

Predictors	Step 1	Step 2a	Step 2b	Step 3b
	β	β	β	β
Step 1
Age	−0.12	−0.16*	−0.03	−0.16*
Sexa	−0.16	−0.09	−0.10	−0.09
Step 2a
CFS		0.02
LOT-R		0.68***
Step 2b
CFS			0.32**	0.02
Step 3b
LOT-R				0.68***
R^2	0.04	0.51	0.14	0.51
ΔR^2	0.04	0.47***	0.10**	0.37***
Model F	1.84	23.12***	4.80**	23.12***

Notes: N=95.

* P<0.05,

** P<0.01,

*** P<0.001.

a Sex: male =1 and female =2. ΔR² = R² change.

Abbreviations: β, standardized β coefficient; CFS, Coping Flexibility Scale; LOT-R, Life Orientation Test-Revised; SWLS, Satisfaction with Life Scale.

Figure 1 Effect of coping flexibility on perceived stress, mediated by optimism (sex and age entered as controls but not shown in the diagram).

Note: ^**P<0.01.
Abbreviations: β, standardized β coefficient; CFS, Coping Flexibility Scale; LOT-R, Life Orientation Test-Revised; ns, non-significant; PSS, Perceived Stress Scale; SE, standard error.

Figure 2 Effect of coping flexibility on life satisfaction, mediated by optimism (sex and age entered as controls but not shown in the diagram).

Note: ^**P<0.01.
Abbreviations: β, standardized β coefficient; CFS, Coping Flexibility Scale; LOT-R, Life Orientation Test-Revised; ns, non-significant; SE, standard error; SWLS, Satisfaction with Life Scale.