The Universal Patient Centeredness Questionnaire: reliability and validity of a one-page questionnaire following surveys in three patient populations

Figures & data

Table 1 Respondent samples

Sociodemographics by patient sample	Percentage
Psychiatric inpatients (n=109)
Males (%)	34.7
Age (% <45)	54.9
Self-perceived mental health (% very/rather poor)	39.2
Hospital inpatients, sample 1 (n=973)
Males (%)	51.8
Age (% <45)	6.5
Self-perceived physical health (% poor)	19.6
Hospital inpatients, sample 2 (n=599)
Males (%)	44.6
Age (% <45)	14.0
Self-perceived physical health (% poor)	11.2
GP patients (n=1,059)
Males (%)	47.2
Age (% <45 years)	33.7
Self-perceived physical health (% poor)	4.2

Abbreviation: GP, general practitioner.

Table 2 Descriptives for UPC-Q components by patient group

UPC-Q components	Psychiatric inpatients (n=109)	Hospital inpatients (n=973)	GP patients (n=1,059)
Most important aspect
Number of responses (%)	77 (70.6)	755 (77.6)	957 (90.6)
Rating of institution, mean (SD)	3.9 (1.16)	4.1 (1.04)	3.9 (1.06)
Second most important aspect
Number of responses (%)	72 (66.1)	698 (71.7)	913 (86.2)
Rating of institution, mean (SD)	3.8 (1.07)	4.0 (1.02)	4.0 (1.01)
Third most important aspect
Number of responses (%)	68 (62.4)	650 (66.8)	861 (81.3)
Rating of institution, mean (SD)	3.8 (1.12)	3.9 (1.10)	4.0 (0.98)
Prioritization of aspects
Number of responses (%)	72 (66.1)	652 (67.0)	823 (77.7)
Number of correct responses (% of responders)	64 (88.9)	607 (93.1)	784 (95.3)
Number of correct responses (% of all patients)	64 (58.7)	607 (62.4)	784 (74.0)
Global assessment item
Item missing, % (n)	22.0 (24)	6.9 (67)	0.9 (10)
Mean (SD)	4.1 (0.86)	4.2 (0.81)	4.0 (0.87)
Open-ended question, number of comments (%)	24 (22.0)	396 (40.7)	624 (58.9)

Notes: Number of correct responses: each patient has six points to give to the chosen aspects. Hence, when the sum of allocated points equals six, the response is regarded as correct.

Abbreviations: GP, general practitioner; SD, standard deviation; UPC-Q, Universal Patient Centeredness Questionnaire.

Table 3 Tests of reliability and construct validity of the UPC-Q

Reliability and construct validity	Psychiatric inpatients	Hospital inpatients	GP patients
UPC-Q score, mean (SD)	75.3 (23.2)	78.4 (21.6)	75.2 (22.0)
Reliability UPC-Q
Cronbach’s alpha	0.76	0.74	0.78
Item-total (min, max)	0.55, 0.64	0.51, 0.61	0.61, 0.64
Construct validity – correlations with UPC-Q*
Psychiatric patients
Global experience item, UPC-Q	0.80 (<0.01)	–	–
Structure and facilities	0.72 (<0.01)	–	–
Patient-centered interaction	0.65 (<0.01)	–	–
Outcomes	0.63 (<0.01)	–	–
Self-perceived general condition today	0.29 (<0.05)	–	–
Hospital patients
Global experience item, UPC-Q	–	0.69 (<0.01)	–
Overall satisfaction	–	0.60 (<0.01)	–
Benefit of treatment	–	0.48 (<0.01)	–
Doctor services	–	0.52 (<0.01)	–
Nursing services	–	0.51 (<0.01)	–
Information	–	0.53 (<0.01)	–
Contact with next of kin	–	0.45 (<0.01)	–
Standard	–	0.49 (<0.01)	–
Organization	–	0.53 (<0.01)	–
Discharge information	–	0.40 (<0.01)	–
Cooperation with other health services	–	0.42 (<0.01)	–
Safety incidents	–	0.52 (<0.01)	–
Waiting time (elective patients)	–	0.36 (<0.01)	–
Self-perceived health	–	–0.29 (<0.01)	–
GP patients
Global experience item, UPC-Q	–	–	0.72 (<0.01)
Self-perceived health	–	–	0.01 (ns)

Notes:

* Construct validity data are presented as correlations (Pearson’s r).

Abbreviations: –, not relevant; GP, general practitioner; max, maximum; min, minimum; ns, not significant; SD, standard deviation; UPC-Q, Universal Patient Centeredness Questionnaire.

Table 4 Item descriptives for two different response formats

UPC-Q components	Hospital inpatients, balanced scale (n=327)	Hospital inpatients, unbalance scale (n=272)	Mean difference (P)
Most important aspect
Mean (SD)	84.9 (23.0)	77.9 (25.1)	7.0 (<0.01)
Lowest category	6 (2.6)	7 (3.5)
Second-lowest category	5 (2.1)	7 (3.5)
Middle category	20 (8.5)	27 (13.6)
Second-highest category	62 (26.5)	73 (36.7)
Highest category	141 (60.3)	85 (42.7)
Second most important aspect
Mean (SD)	82.0 (24.6)	75.0 (26.0)	7.0 (<0.01)
Lowest category	7 (3.2)	6 (3.2)
Second-lowest category	6 (2.7)	13 (6.9)
Middle category	24 (10.9)	27 (14.3)
Second-highest category	64 (29.1)	72 (38.1)
Highest category	119 (54.1)	71 (37.6)
Third most important aspect
Mean (SD)	75.5 (27.2)	69.7 (27.7)	5.8 (<0.05)
Lowest category	7 (3.4)	12 (6.5)
Second-lowest category	16 (7.7)	11 (6.0)
Middle category	30 (14.5)	31 (16.8)
Second-highest category	67 (32.4)	80 (43.5)
Highest category	87 (42.0)	50 (27.2)
Global experience item
Mean (SD)	85.5 (18.9)	78.8 (20.7)	6.7 (<0.001)
Lowest category	1 (0.4)	2 (0.9)
Second-lowest category	4 (1.5)	6 (2.7)
Middle category	25 (9.5)	32 (14.3)
Second-highest category	87 (33.1)	100 (44.6)
Highest category	146 (55.5)	84 (37.5)

Notes: Data shown as n (%) unless otherwise specified. Balanced scale: very poor, rather poor, both poor and good, rather good, very good. Unbalanced scale: poor, fairly good, good, very good, excellent.

Abbreviations: SD, standard deviation; UPC-Q, Universal Patient Centeredness Questionnaire.