Incidence and Predictors of Mortality Among Patients with Traumatic Brain Injury at University of Gondar Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia: A Retrospective Follow-Up Study

Figures & data

Figure 1 Diagram illustrating data collection procedure among traumatic brain injury patients admitted to University of Gondar Comprehensive Specialized Hospital from January 2017 to January 2022.

Table 1 Socio-Demographic Characteristics of Traumatic Brain Injury Patients Admitted to University of Gondar Comprehensive Specialized Hospital from January 2017 to January 2022, Gondar, Northwest Ethiopia

Variable	Category	Frequency	Percent
Age	19–40	302	79.1
	41–64	68	17.8
	65^+	12	3.1
Sex	Male	332	86.9
	Female	50	13.1
Residence	Rural	310	81.2
	Urban	72	18.8

Table 2 Cause of Injury with Mortality from Traumatic Brain Injury at UOGCSH from 2017 to 2022

Variables	Category	Outcome		Total
		Not died N (%)	Died N (%)	N (%)
Cause of injury	RTA	54 (67.5)	26 (32.5)	80 (20.9)
	FDI	33 (63.5)	19 (36.5)	52 (13.6)
	Assault	162 (73)	60 (27)	222 (58.1)
	Pedestrian	23 (82.1)	5 (17.9)	28 (7.3)

Table 3 The Severity of TBI and Its Diagnosis by Computed Tomography Scans Among Patients Admitted to UOGCSH from January 2017 to January 2022, Gondar, Northwest Ethiopia

Variables	Category	Frequency	Percentage
Diagnosis by CT scan	Epidural hematoma	77	33.5
	Skull fractures	71	18.6
	Subdural hematomas	18	4.7
	Contusion	12	3.1
	Intracerebral hemorrhage	6	1.6
	Others	47	12.3
Severity of TBI	Mild	178	46.6
	Moderate	89	23.3
	Sever	115	30.1

Table 4 On Admission Injury Characteristics of Traumatic Brain Injury Patients Admitted to UOGCSH from January 2017 to January 2022, Gondar, Northwest Ethiopia

Variable		Category	Frequency	Percent
Pre-hospital management		Yes	190	49.7
		No	192	50.3
Time from injury to arrival		≤24	229	59.94
		> 24	153	40.05
Concomitant injury		Yes	161	42.15
		No	221	57.85

Table 5 On Admission Baseline Clinical Characteristics of Traumatic Brain Injury Patients Admitted to UOGCSH from January 2017 to January 2022, Gondar, Northwest Ethiopia

Variables	Category	Frequency	Percent (%)
GCS	3–8	115	30.1
	9–12	89	23.3
	13–15	178	46.6
HR	<60	94	24.6
	60–89	171	44.8
	90–99	32	8.4
	≥100	85	22.3
RR	<10	19	5
	10–20	254	66.5
	>20	109	28.5
SBP	<90	27	7.1
	90–99	29	7.6
	100–149	300	78.5
	≥150	26	6.8
SpO2	>94	106	27.7
	90–94	119	31.2
	<90	96	25.1
Pupillary response	Normal	117	30.6
	Abnormal	265	69.4
Number of eye abnormality	One	173	45.3
	Two	92	24.1

Table 6 In Hospital Clinical Management Related Characteristics and Mortality of Traumatic Brain Injury Patients Admitted to UOGCSH from January 2017 to January 2022, Gondar, Northwest Ethiopia

Variables		Category	Frequency	Percentages
Operative management		Yes	252	66
		No	130	34
IN hospital hypotension episode		Yes	263	68.8
		No	119	31.2
In hospital hypoxia episode		Yes	218	57.1
		No	162	42.4
ICU Admission		Yes	122	31.9
		No	260	68.1
Mechanically ventilated		Yes	85	22.3
		No	297	77.7
Electrolyte disturbance		Yes	135	35.3
		No	240	64

Table 7 Bivariate and Multivariate Logistic Regression Showing the Factors Associated with Mortality Among Patients Admitted to UOGCSH from January 2017 to January 2022

Variables	Category	Outcome		OR (95% CI) and p-value
		Not died	Died	P-value	COR (95% CI)	P-value	AOR(95% CI)
Sex	Male	225	107	0.001	7.4 (2.26–24.5)	0.003	6.12 (1.82–20.5)*
	Female	47	3		1		1
Pre hospital management	Yes	158	32		1		1
	No	114	78	0.001	3.38 (2.1–5.4)	0.001	2.64 (1.6–4.2)**
Concomitant injury	Yes	94	66	0.001	2.8 (1.7–4.4)	0.003	2.08 (1.28–3.38)*
	No	176	44		1		1
Admission GCS	3–8	41	74	0.001	16 (8.6–29.7)	0.001	5.9 (2.07–17.12)**
	9–12	71	18	0.025	2.25 (1.1–4.5)	0.54	1.41 (0.46–4.3)
	13–15	160	18		1		1
Admission SBP	<90	6	21	0.122	2.5 (0.7–8.4)
	90–99	18	11	0.145	0.44 (0.151.32)	0.27	0.27 (0.03–2.86)
	100–149	228	63	0.001	0.2 (0.089–0.46)	0.004	0.086 (0.016–0.46)*
	>149	11	15		1		1
Number of pupillary abnormality	One	141	33		1		1
	Two	28	68	0.001	9.7 (5.44–17.5)	0.001	13.34(5.1–34.6)**
Intraoperative hypoxia episode	<90	67	35	0.001	20.72 (6.13–69.9)	0.001	10.499 (2.6–42.1)**
	90–94	26	--	0.998		0.98
	>94	119	3		1		1
Post-operative complication	Yes	104	40	0.003	2.59 (1.37–4.92)	0.037	4.89 (1.1–25)*
	No	108	16		1		1
In hospital hyperthermia	Yes	62	45	0.001	2.34 (1.46–3.76)	0.001	25.2 (5.54–115.16)**
	No	210	65		1		1

Notes: Statistical significance on multivariate analysis: *p < 0.05; **p < 0.001.

Abbreviations: AOR, adjusted odds ratio; COR, crude odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.